章振邦英语语法教程Lecture 3 Clause Element文档格式.docx

章振邦英语语法教程Lecture 3 Clause Element文档格式.docx

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Hebrokehisleg.（recipientsubject）

c）temporalsubjectandlocativesubject

Bythetimeyougotback,itwasnineo’clock.

（temporalsubject）

Thisbedroomsleepssixstudents.（locativesubject）

d）instrumentalsubjectandeventivesubject

Thekeyopenedthedoor.（instrumentalsubject）

Acarknockedthemdown.（instrumentalsubject）

Hismarriageisnextweek.（eventivesubject）

2）Predicateverb/Predicator

Thepredicateverbisthecentralpartofthepredication.Itisusuallyexpressedbyaverbphrase,eitherasimpleVPoracomplexVP.Forexample:

Hegotupearlysoastocatchthefirsttrain.

Nobodycouldmakemechangemymind.

Thechildrenmighthavebeenplayinginthegarden.

3）Objectsemanticallyclassified

Semantically,objectscanbedividedintorecipientobject,resultantobject,causativeobject,metonymicobjectandcognateobject.

a）Recipientobject

e.g.Thedepartmenthasofferedmeapost.

b）Resultantobject

e.g.I’mbakingacake.

c）Causativeobject

e.g.Thecaptainmarchedthetroopsaway.

d）Metonymicobject

e.g.Heisnotsmokingapipe.

e）Cognateobject

e.g.Johnlivesaquietlife.

Hedreamtaterrifyingdream.

4）Complement

Thecomplementincludessubjectcomplementandobjectcomplement.Thesubjectcomplement,whichdescribeswhatthesubjectrefersto,isusuallyusedtogetherwiththelinkingverb,forminga“linkingverb+complement”construction.

Shewasallsmileswhenwewentin.

Youcanrestassuredthatwewilldoourbest.

Theobjectcomplement,whichdescribesthecharacteristicsofwhattheobjectrefersto,isusuallyplacedimmediatelyafterthedirectobject.Itisprecededbyas,oroccasionallybyfor,withsomeverbs.Forexample:

Policeweretreatingtheincidentasmurder.

Theanticipatoryitisusedastheformalobjectwhentheobjectistoolong.Forexample:

Weconsideritveryimportanttouseinformationtechnology.

5）Adverbial

Adverbialsaregenerallyoptionalintheclausestructure.Adverbialsintheformofadverbphrases,prepositionalphrases,orclausesaremoremobilethantheotherclauseelements.Theirpositionsaredetermined,toalargerextent,bytextualandpragmaticfactorsratherthanbysyntacticalfactors.

Adverbialscanbedividedintothreetypes:

depictiveadverbial/adjunct,stanceadverbial/disjunct,andlinkingadverbial/conjunct.Thedepictiveadverbialisthecentralelementoftheclauseandthestanceandlinkingadverbialsareperipheral.

Semantically,depictiveadverbialscanbeclassifiedinto:

a）adverbialoftimeandplace

e.g.I’llbebackbeforeyouhaveleft.

Whereveryougo,I’llgowithyou.

b）adverbialofmannerandaccompanyingcircumstances

e.g.Theytreatedthechildkindly.

Withallthenoise,shewasfindingithardtoconcentrate.

c）adverbialofreason,resultandpurpose

e.g.Hejusthadtoapologize,seeingthatheknewhe’dmadeamistake.

Thetrainwassoslowthatitwasalmosttwohourslate.

Thisisgoodforgettingridofheadaches.

d）adverbialofconditionandconcession

e.g.You’dbeinvitedtomorepartiesifyousmiledmoreoften.

MuchasIenjoyedtheholiday,Iwasgladtobehome.

3.2Peripheralelements

Theperipheralelementsofaclauserefertothosethatarenotstructurallyintegratedwiththemainstructureoftheclause.Theyincludestanceadverbials,linkingadverbials,vocatives,insertions,interjections,parentheses,andinitialYESorNO.Thefollowingareafewexamplesofstanceandlinkingadverbials:

1）Stanceadverbial

Stanceadverbial,alsocalleddisjunct,expressesanevaluationofwhatisbeingsaid.Itisusuallyplacedatthebeginningof（occasionallyinthemiddleorattheendof）asentence,withacommatoseparateitfromtherestofthesentence.Stanceadverbialsareusuallyrealizedbyadverbsoradverbphrases.Theyarealsorealizedbyprepositionalphrases,non-finiteclauses,verblessclausesandoccasionallybyfiniteclauses.

Honestly,Ithinkyouaremistaken.

Veryfrankly,I’mtiredofit.

Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.

Tobesure,somepeoplemaydisagree.

Curious,thegameturnedoutthatway.

Evenmoreimportant,heisinchargeoftheproject.

What’smore,thisprojectoffersprospectsofagreatprofit.

2）Linkingadverbial

Linkingadverbial,alsocalledconjunct,hasthefunctionofconjoiningindependentunits:

phrases,clausesorsentences.Linkingadverbialsarecommonlyrealizedbyconjunctiveandexplanatoryadverbsandprepositionalphrases,etc.semantically,theconjunctiverolescanbedintinguishedinto:

a）Linkingadverbialsdenotinglistingandenumeration,e.g.

Thisprojectwon’twork:

forastart,it’sabadidea,andsecondly,it’llcosttoomuch.

Theytalkedaboutitforhours.Finally,theydecidedtogo.

b）Linkingadverbialsdenotingreinforcement,e.g:

Thehouseisnotbigenoughforus,andfurthermore,itistoofarfromtown.

Theyateaseven-coursemeal;

inaddition,theydrankthreebottlesofwine.

c）Linkingadverbialsdenotingapposition,e.g.:

Thepassengerplaneofthe1980s,namely,thesupersonicjet,transformedrelationsbetweenpeopleoftheworld.

Heisveryfat,thatis,heweighs273pounds.

d）Linkingadverbialsdenotingresult,e.g.:

Itrainedthreedaysonend.Consequently,allthelandherewasunderwater.

TheRainersrefusedtopaythehigherrentwhenanincreasewasannounced.Asaresult,theywereevictedfromthehouse.

e）Linkingadverbialsdenotingsemanticequation,e.g.:

Youmustpackplentyoffoodforthejourney.Likewise,youwillneedwarmclothes,sopackthemtoo.

f）Linkingadverbialsdenotinginference,e.g.:

I’veneverbeentoWales.I,therefore,don’tknowmuchaboutthatplace.

Dowhatyouaretoldto;

otherwise,youwillbepunished.

g）Linkingadverbialsdenotingreplacement,e.g.:

Theyareenjoyingthemselves.（Or）Rather,theyappeartobeenjoyingthemselves.

Acommonsayinggoes,“Knitthebrowsandyouwillhituponastratagem.”Inotherwords,muchthinkingyieldswisdom.

h）Linkingadverbials,denotingantithesis,e.g.:

Ontheonehand,youdon’twanttobetooaggressive.Ontheotherhand,youshouldn’tbetootired.

Hetakesnointerestinstudies;

instead,heplaystennisallday.

i）Linkingadverbialsdenotingconcession,e.g.:

Itwasaverycomplicatedtest.He,nevertheless,passeditwithdistinction.

Theexpressionisungrammatical;

allthesame,itisapartofthecommontongue.

j）Linkingadverbialsdenotingtemporaltransition,e.g.:

They’llbeherein10minutes.Meantime/Meanwhilewe’llhavesomecoffee.

Tomwasnowundergoingmanyhardships.Hisbrotherinthemeantimewashavinganeasytime.

k）Linkingadverbialsdenotingchangeofdiscoursaltopic,e.g.:

Weshallexpectyou;

bytheway,dinnerwillbeateight.

Theairlineschargehalfpriceforthestudents;

incidentally,I’veboughtmytickettoNewYork.

l）Linkingadverbialsdenotingsummation,e.g.:

Allinall,theirfinancialconditionisnotbad.

Inconclusion,I’dliketosayhowmuchI’veenjoyedstayinghere.