国际商法期末复习重点英文版完整版Word格式.docx

国际商法期末复习重点英文版完整版Word格式.docx

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Civillawisthecodifiedlawwhichismadebylegislaturetoregulatespecificrelationships;

1.Romanlaw2.Madelaw3.Codeandstatute

definitionofpartnership

DefinedasaProfit-makingeconomicorganizationwhichisEstablishedofapartnershipagreement,MakeaJointcapitalcontributions,conductbusinessjointly,Shareincomesandrisksandbearunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebtsofthepartnershipenterprise.

特点：

Profit-makingeconomicorganization;

Establishmentofapartnershipagreement;

Jointcapitalcontribution;

Sharingofincomesandrisks;

Bearingofunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebts

Creationofapartnership:

①anassociationoftwoofmorepersons②carryingonabusiness③co-ownership④forprofit⑤intent（目的）⑥partnershipbyestoppel

Limitedliabilitypartnership有限责任合伙的责任承担:

Inalimitedliabilitypartnership,somepartnershavelimitedliability,somepartnershaveunlimitedliability.

Generalpartnership普通合伙的责任承担:

Bearingofunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebts.

出资方式：

Capitalcontribution:

incash;

tangiblegoods;

landorlanduserights;

intellectualproperty;

orotherproprietaryrights;

orintheformoflaborserviceifitisagreedbyallofthepartners;

partners’rightsandduties：

①Apartnerhastherightofcompensation（补偿）fromthepartnership（Theamountofcompensationisdecidedbyhowthepartnersagreedinthepartnershipagreement）②Apartnerhastherightofsharingprofitfromthepartnership③Partnersoweadutytodevotefulltimeandbesteffortstotheaffairsofthepartnership;

④Self-interestisprohibited;

⑤Secretprofitsindealingwiththepartnershipisprohibited;

⑥Partnersowesadutytodiscloseallinformationandfactsfromathirdpartytootherpartners;

⑦Concealmentofinformationandfactsisprohibited;

⑧Thatpartnersworkhandinglovewith（incollusionwith）othersforselfishpurposeisprohibited;

⑨Partnershaveadutytoaccountforanyexpenditurestheymakeofthepartnershipfunds;

Partnershavethedutytobejoinedasplaintiffsordefendantsinlegalsuits

合伙企业的管理：

co-management

Dissolutionofthepartnershipmeansthattheeconomicorganizationceasestobeassociatedasanentitytocarryonabusiness;

1.Non-wrongfuldissolution

2.Wrongfuldissolution

3.Thedeathorbankruptcyofanypartnerautomaticallydissolvesthepartnership;

4.Acourtorderordecreedissolvesapartnership;

Windingup:

liquidationoftheassetsofthebusinessofthepartnershipafterdissolutionhappens;

Continuationofthepartnershipbytheremainingpartners;

Completionofworkbythepartnershipbeforedissolution;

Sharingofprofits,bearingofdebts,returningofassets;

Definitionofcorporation:

Acorporationisaformofaneconomicorganizationinwhichtheshareholdersmakeinvestment,electmanagementandtakelimitedliabilityforthedebtsofthecorporation.

特征：

1.Independentlegalstatus;

2.Creationmustbepermittedbygovernment;

3.Managementisaccomplishedthroughtheelectionoftheshareholders;

4.Theshareholderstakelimitedliability;

5.Theownershipinterestofthecorporationisfreelytransferable;

6.Doubletaxation;

legalstatus:

Acorporationisalegalpersonandalegalentityindependentofitsowners（shareholders）anditsmanagers（officersandtheboardofdirectors）.Itslifeisunaffectedbytheretirementordeathofitsshareholders,officers,anddirectors.

“Piercingthecorporationveil”theoryMeanstopreventthecompany'

sindependentpersonalityabuseandprotecttheinterestsofthecreditorsandsocialpublicinterests,thespecificlegalrelationshipofspecificfacts,deniedthatthecompanyanditsshareholdersbehindtheindependentpersonalityandlimitedliabilityofshareholders,shallbeorderedtotheshareholderofthecompany（includingnaturalpersonshareholdersandlegalpersonshareholders）tothecompanycreditorsordirectlyresponsibleforpublicinterests,toachievefairnessandjusticeoftherequirementsandsetupakindoflegalaction.

滥用权力的表现1.Separatelegalpersonalityiscapableofabusebyshareholderstoevadelegalobligations;

2.Dominationofthecorporationbyshareholders;

3.Lootingofcorporationassets;

Managementofcorporations：

Managementagencies；

Boardofdirectors;

officersofthecorporation;

boardofsupervisors;

Managementofacorporationiselectedbytheshareholders;

Terminationofcorporation:

①Voluntarytermination:

Maturityofpre-agreedperiod;

Completionofpre-agreedproject;

Agreementoftheshareholderstoterminate

②Involuntarytermination：

Wrongfultrading;

Unabletopayitsdebts;

Businessofthecorporationisnotcommencedwithin;

Taxevasion;

Courtresolution;

Shareholders’rights:

①shareholders’meeting

②shareholders’electionofdirectors

③fundamentalcorporatechanges

④shareholders’inspectionandinformationrights

⑤distributiontoshareholders

⑥Shareholders’lawsuit

Shareholders’liabilities:

①Shareholdersshouldbeliableforshortdistributionandillegaldistribution

②Iftheshareholdersabusethecorporatepersonalitytoevadelegalobligations,theyareliableforthedebtsofthecorporation

Anagencyisdefinedasafiduciaryrelationshipthatresultswhenoneperson,theprincipal,consentsthatanotherperson,theagent,shallactonbehalfoftheprincipal.

Ostensibleagency表见代理：

insomesituations,anagent’spowersareexpandedneitherbyagreementwiththeprincipalnorbycustomoremergency.Underthedoctrineofapparentauthorityofostensibleauthority,authoritymaybecreatedorexpandedwhentheprincipalcausesthirdpartiestoreasonablybelievetheagenthasauthority.

Expressauthority明示授权—employmentcontract;

resolutionoftheboardofdirectors;

advisorymemorandum;

powerofattorney;

Impliedauthority默示授权—onthebasisofexpressauthority;

inthecustomaryfashion;

emergencies;

apparentauthorityandestoppel；

secretlimitations;

Ratification追认：

anagentexceedsthelimitedauthoritygranted;

anon-agentpurportedtoactasagent;

Unauthorizedcontract：

1）impliedwarrantyofauthority---whetherthethirdpartyknewthattheagenthadnoauthorityattheconclusionofthecontract;

2）non-existentprincipal;

Terminationofanagency

Actoftheparties---accomplishmentofcontractpurpose/occurrenceofevents;

lapseoftime;

mutualagreement;

unilateraltermination;

Operationoflaw---incapacity,bankruptcy,death;

illegality;

impracticality.

Seller’sobligations:

1.DeliveryoftheGoods–

2.Theturningoverofdocuments

3.Theseller’sassuranceofthequalityofthegoods

4.Theseller’sassuranceofownershipofthegoods

5.Theseller’sassuranceofownershipofthegoodsExceptions----

Thebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofthechargeorencumbranceuponthegoods;

Theseller’scompliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulasorotherspecificationsfurnishedbythebuyer;

Buyer’sobligations:

Paymentofprice;

Takingdelivery.

Buyer’sremedies

Compellingofspecificperformance---thebuyerhadnotresortedtoanotherremedy;

thenonconformityconstitutedafundamentalbreach;

timelynotice-givingofthenonconformity;

timelyrequestofspecificperformance.

Avoidance---theseller’sbreachofcontractconstitutesafundamentalbreach;

thesellerrejectstoperformwithinthenachfristnoticebythebuyer

Pricereduction---thebuyerreducesaproportionatepartofthepurchasepriceinordertooffsettheshortageortoreflectthereducedvalueofthenonconforminggoods.

Refusingearlydeliveryandexcessquantity

Seller’sremedies

1.tocompelspecificperformance;

2.toavoidthecontractforafundamentalbreachorfailuretocureadefect;

3.toobtainmissingspecifications

Remediesavailabletobothbuyersandsellers

1.suspensionofperformance;

2.avoidanceinanticipationofafundamentalbreach;

3.avoidanceofaninstallmentcontract;

4.avoidance;

5.damages;

Billoflading

Abillofladingisacontractbetweenacarrier（seller,buyerortheiragent）andanoceancarrierforthecarriageofgoods.

CharacteristicsofB/L

1.Asacertificateofreceipt:

asprimafacieevidencebetweentheshipperandthecarrier,ifB/Lisnottransferred;

asfinalevidencebetweenthecarrierandthetransfereeofB/L;

2.Asanevidenceofthecarriagecontractbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper;

3.Asadocumentoftitle:

thecarrierdeliversthegoodsagainsttheoriginalB/L;

ClassificationsofB/L提单的分类

LoadedB/L;

NamedB/L;

TotheorderB/L;

BlankB/L;

AntedatedB/L倒签提单-itisissuedearlierthantheactualshippingdate;

AdvancedB/L预借提单-itisissuedbeforetheshippingofthegoods;

CleanB/L清洁提单issuedthroughindemnity-itisissuedthroughindemnitytocancelthe“unclean”factsofthegoods;