高中英语语法复习专题讲解-定语从句经典.doc
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[高中英语语法]定语从句
一、定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;
关系副词有when,where,why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用:
A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如:
Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.
该句中,whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句,修饰先行词theman,“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词theman,在定语从句中作主语。
二、定语从句的种类以及区别
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
和先行词的关系密切
(删去后,影响整个句子意义的表达)
和先行词的关系不密切(是一种补充说明,删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达)
不用逗号分开
一般使用逗号分开
可用关系代词that引导
不可用关系代词that引导
可以省略
(that,who,which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略)
不可以省略
可以替代
(whom作宾语时,可用who或that替代)
不能替代
只可以修饰先行词,不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分
修饰整个主句或主句的一部分,此时定语从句前有逗号分开,只能用which或as引导。
请看下面例句的不同含义:
限制性:
她有两个当解放军的儿子。
ShehastwosonswhoareP.L.A.men.
(MaybeshehasothersonswhoarenotP.L.A.men.)
非限制性:
她有两个儿子,他们都是解放军。
Shehastwosons,whoareP.L.A.men.
(Shehasonlytwosons.TheyarebothP.L.A.men.)
三、关系代词的用法区分
1.修饰物体时关系代词that和which的区分
•只能使用that的情况:
(1)当先行词即有人又有物时。
eg.Iwon’tforgetthethingsandthepersonsthatIsaw.
(2)当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。
eg.ThisisthefirstbookthatIboughtmyself.
ThebiggestbirdthatIcaughtisthisbird.
(3)当先行词所在句子含疑问词who,which时。
eg.Whichisthebookthatyouboughtyesterday?
(4)当先行词被thevery,theright,thenext,theonly等强调词修饰时。
eg.ThisistheverybookthatIlostyesterday.
(5)当先行词是nothing,something,anything,all,each等不定代词时。
eg.Doyouhaveanythingthatisimportanttotellme?
或当先行词被all,any,some,no,not,every,each等不定代修饰时。
eg.Ihavesomebooksthatareverygood.
•只能使用which的情况。
(1)非限制性定语从句中。
eg.Maryhasabook,whichisveryprecious.
Football,whichisaveryimportantgame,isplayedallovertheworld.
(2)在介词之后。
eg.Thisisahouseinwhichlivesanoldman.
ThisisthetrainbywhichwewenttoBeijing.
that指人/物,做主语或宾语(作宾语可省略)
Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Heistheman.Itoldyouabouthim.
Heistheman(that/who/whom)Itoldyouabout.
Which指物,做主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省略)
Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.
Thisrecorder(which)heisusingismadeinJapan.
2.修饰人时关系代词that和who,whom的区分。
1).先行词是one,ones,anyone,those时,宜用who;
Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestosaytruth.
2)在Therebe开头的句字中,宜用who;
Therearemanypeoplewhoareagainsthim.
3)先行词指人,且关系代词前有介词时,只用whom;
SheisthegirlwithwhomIwentthere.
比较Sheisthegirlwhom/who/thatImetattheparty.
Who指人,做主语或宾语(作宾语可省略)
ThemanwhoItalkedwithisourteacher.
Whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
Theman(whom/who)InoddedtoisMr.Li.
3.whose是代词的所有格,可指人也可指物,指物时=ofwhich,指人时=ofwhom。
在定从中做定语,表从属关系,翻译为“他的/她的/它的”,用来代替his,her,their,its.
(1)Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.
(2)Shelivesinaroom,ofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.
(3)Thisisthebookwhosecoverisblue.
Thisisthebookofwhichthecoverisblue.
Thisisthebookthecoverofwhichisblue.
(4)DoyouknowthegirlwhosefatherdiedinIraq.
DoyouknowthegirlofwhomthefatherdiedinEraq.
DoyouknowthegirlthefatherofwhomdiedinIraq.
四、如何选择关系代词?
(who,whom,whose,which,that)
口诀:
前看先行词,辩清人或物;
后看从句里,有无主宾语。
五、定语从句考点
热点1关系代词与关系副词的选用
▲有二步:
找对先行词,看准从句
判断先行词在从句中做什么成分
(1)Somepicturesoftheriverbroughtthedaysbacktotheold__________theyswamintheriver.
(2)Thedaysaregoneforever__________theChinesepeoplearelookeddownupon.
(3)I’llneverforgetthedays____________wevisitedBeijing.
I’llneverforgetthedays__________________wespenttogether.
(4)Thisistheoffice______________heworked.
Thisistheoffice_________________heworkedin
Thisistheofficein________________heworked
(5)Thereason__________________hewaslateforschoolisthathiscarbrokedown.
Thereason___________________hetoldmeabouthisbeinglateforschoolisthathiscarbrokedown.
(6)—Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?
—Yes,thereisonepoint_________________Imustinsiston.
Thenoisefromthekaraokeiscomingtoapoint____________wecan’tputupwithit.
热点2where引导的定语从句
▲先行词在从句中作地点状语时,用关系副词where,也可以用介词+关系代词.
▲当先行词为point,case,situation,position,stage,degree等且在从句做地点状语时,用where..
⑴Todaywewilldiscussanumberofcases____________-beginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.﹙2007·陕西Ⅰ·20﹚
⑵Somepreschoolchildrengotoadaycarecenter,_____________theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.﹙2007·全国Ⅰ·22﹚
⑶Alltheneighborsadmirethefamily,______________theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend﹙2008·安徽·26﹚
热点3whose引导的定语从句
▲ 先行词在从句中作定语,先行词既可指人也可指物.
▲ Whose后肯定有它所修饰的名词.
⑴Justlikeavoyageatsea,ourlifejourney,____________daysarelimited,isfullofdifficu