英语题.docx

英语题.docx

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英语题

PartIWriting（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGenerationGap.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.代沟的表现。

2.代沟出现的家庭原因。

3.代沟出现的社会原因。

GenerationGap

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestiononAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Landfills

Youhavejustfinishedyourmealatafastfoodrestaurantandyouthrowyouruneatenfood,foodwrappers,drinkcups,utensilsandnapkinsintothetrashcan.Youdon’tthinkaboutthatwasteagain.Ontrashpickupdayinyourneighborhood,youpushyourcanouttothecurb,andworkersdumpthecontentsintoabigtruckandhaulitaway.Youdon’thavetothinkaboutthatwasteagain,either.Butmaybeyouhavewondered,asyouwatchthetrashtruckpullaway,justwherethatgarbageendsup.

Americansgeneratetrashatanastonishingrateoffourpoundsperdayperperson;whichtranslatesto600,000tonsperdayor210milliontonsperyear!

Thisisalmosttwiceasmuchtrashesperpersonasmostothermajorcountries.Whathappenstothistrash?

Somegetsrecycled（回收利用）orrecoveredandsomeisburned,butthemajorityisburiedinlandfills.

HowMuchTrashIsGenerated?

Ofthe210milliontonsoftrash,orsolidwaste,generatedintheUnitedStatesannually,about56milliontons,or27percent,iseitherrecycled（glass,paperproducts,plastic,metals）orcomposted（做成堆肥）（yardwaste）.Theremainingtrash,whichismostlyunredeemable,isdiscarded.

HowIsTrashDisposedof?

ThetrashproductionintheUnitedStateshasalmosttripledsince1960.Thistrashishandledinvariousways.About27percentofthetrashisrecycledorcomposted,16percentisburnedand57percentisburiedinlandfills.Theamountoftrashburiedinlandfillshasdoubledsince1960.TheUnitedStatesrankssomewhereinthemiddleofthemajorcountries（UnitedKingdom,Canada,Germany,FranceandJapan）inlandfilldisposal.TheUnitedKingdomrankshighest,buryingabout90percentofitssolidwasteinlandfills.

WhatIsaLandfill?

Therearetwowaystoburytrash:

Dump—anopenholeinthegroundwheretrashisburiedandthatisfullofvariousanimals（rats,mice,birds）.（Thisismostpeople’sideaofalandfill!

）

Landfill—carefullydesignedstructurebuiltintoorontopofthegroundinwhichtrashisisolatedfromthesurroundingenvironment（groundwater,air,rain）.Thisisolationisaccomplishedwithabottomlineranddailycoveringofsoil.

Sanitarylandfill—landfillthatusesaclaylinertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment

Municipalsolidwaste（MSW）landfill—landfillthatusesasynthetic（plastic）linertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment

Thepurposeofalandfillistoburythetrashinsuchawaythatitwillbeisolatedfromgroundwater,willbekeptdryandwillnotbeincontactwithair.Undertheseconditions,trashwillnotdecompose（腐烂）much.Alandfillisnotlikeacompostpile,wherethepurposeistoburytrashinsuchawaythatitwilldecomposequickly.

ProposingtheLandfill

Foralandfilltobebuilt,theoperatorshavetomakesurethattheyfollowcertainsteps.Inmostpartsoftheworld,thereareregulationsthatgovernwherealandfillcanbeplacedandhowitcanoperate.Thewholeprocessbeginswithsomeoneproposingthelandfill.

IntheUnitedStates,takingcareoftrashandbuildinglandfillsarelocalgovernmentresponsibilities.Beforeacityorotherauthoritycanbuildalandfill,anenvironmentimpactstudymustbedoneontheproposedsitetodetermine:

theareaoflandnecessaryforthelandfill

thecompositionoftheunderlyingsoilandbedrock

theflowofsurfacewateroverthesite

theimpactoftheproposedlandfillonthelocalenvironmentandwildlife

thehistoricalvalueoftheproposedsite

BuildingtheLandfill

Oncetheenvironmentalimpactstudyiscomplete,thepermitsaregrantedandthefundshavebeenraised,thenconstructionbegins.First,accessroadstothelandfillsitemustbebuiltiftheydonotalreadyexist.Thereroadswillbeusedbyconstructionequipment,sanitation（环卫）servicesandthegeneralpublic.Afterroadshavebeenbuilt,diggingcanbegin.IntheNorthWakeCountryLandfill,thelandfillbegan10feetbelowtheroadsurface.

WhatHappenstoTrashinaLandfill?

Trashputinalandfillwillstaythereforaverylongtime.Insidealandfill,therei