定稿 Microsoft Word 文档 2文档格式.docx

定稿 Microsoft Word 文档 2文档格式.docx

《定稿 Microsoft Word 文档 2文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《定稿 Microsoft Word 文档 2文档格式.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

姓名寸槐芬

学号201016010210

所属院/系外国语学院

专业年级2010级英语

指导教师奉星岑

2014年5月

学士学位论文诚信声明

本人郑重声明：

所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已发表或撰写过的作品成果。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全了解本声明的法律结果将由本人承担。

学士论文作者签名：

日期：

年月日

摘要

《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家托马斯.哈代的代表作，同时也是英国历史上的悲剧小说之一。

这部小说的创作时期正是英国由传统的农业向新型的工业转型的时期，此时农业遭到重创，失业和贫困困扰着每个村庄。

《德伯家的苔丝》以正在经受变革的维塞克斯郡为背景，描述主人公苔丝的悲惨命运。

对于苔丝来说，这种悲惨的命运是不可避免的。

因为苔丝的悲惨命运不仅仅源于苔丝的性格，也和她的家庭背景，社会背景息息相关。

苔丝没有办法改变当时不公平的社会观念和家庭状况，而这一切似乎注定了她悲惨的命运。

本文主要以苔丝的生活经历为主线，依据当时的社会背景，伦理道德，家庭以及苔丝自身的性格等因素来分析造成她悲剧命运的不可避免性。

关键词:

苔丝；

哈代；

不可避免的因素；

女权主义者；

虚伪的社会道德观

Abstract

Tessofthed’UrbervillesistherepresentativeworksofThomasHardy.Atthesametime,itwasapartofthetragicnovelsinthehistoryofEngland.Thisstorytookplaceinthetwilightof“Britain'

sVictorianera”.Withthereformationoftechnologyandmoderncivilization,agriculturesufferedseriousdifficultiesandunemploymentspreadinthecountryside.ItwasWessexthathappenedmanychangesinthisrevolution.AlsoTessbecameoneofthevictims.Tess’stragedywascloselyconnectedtoherownpersonality,socialconditionandherfamilylivingstandards.ItwasnotpossibleforTesstochangetheunfairsocialattitudesandtoescapefrompovertybyherown.Fromsomerespects,itwasdoomedtoaseriesofunfortunatehappenedtoherlife.ThispaperfocusesonTess’slifeexperience,socialbackground,people’smoralconcept,familyandherownindividualitytoanalyzeherinevitabletragedy.

Keywords:

Tess;

Hardy;

inevitablefactors;

Feminism;

hypocriticalsocialvalue.

Contents

Chapter1Introduction………………………………………….................................1

Chapter2Literaturereview………………………………………………………….2

Chapter3Tragiccomponentsandsomeinevitablefactors……………………......3

3.1Thevariousmisfortunehappenedtotheheroine……………….………...............3

3.1.1Theinevitablesocialtragedy………………………………………....................3

3.1.2Conventionalthoughtsandimpoverishedlife…………………...........................4

3.2Theartisticfigureinthetragiccomponents……………………………….……....4

3.2.1Tessfoughtagainstherinevitablefate............................................................…...4

3.2.2Tesswasregardedasasexualsymbol...................................................................6

3.2.3Tesscharacterfromafeministperspective….…………………………….…......7

Chapter4TheconnectionbetweenTessandnature………………………..…........9

4.1Thedestructivecolor-red…………………………………………..........................9

4.2Tess’snaturalpurity…………………………..…………………….…………….10

Chapter5Conclusion………………………………………………………………..10

References………………………………………………………………………..….12中文参考文献………………………………………………………………………..12

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….13

Chapter1Introduction

ThomasHardy（1840-1928）,isoneofthegreatestEnglishwritersofthe19thcentury.HewasofhigherBockHamptoninDorset.Asachildofabuildingcontractor,Hardydidn’tgetgoodeducationandwasapprenticedtoanarchitectwhenhewasonlysixteenyearsolds,duetoheshowedagreatinterestinreligiousfaithandtriedhisbesttoreadvariousbookstoenrichhislife.Heturnedhishobbiestopursueacareerasanovelist.Duringthattime,hepublishednearly20novels,1000poemsandsoon.

Tessofthed’UrbervilleswaswritteninthetwilightoftheVictorianperiodwhenEnglandmadegreatchangesineconomicdevelopment.HardywasfrustratedbytheconservativePartywhenthebookwasexpectedtobepublished.However,withtimewentbyTessofthed’Urbervillesbecamehisrepresentativework,andthenHardybecameafamousnovelistafterpublishingTessofthed’Urbervilles.InTessofthed’UrbervillesHardyshowedhisdeepsenseofsympathyandloveforthosepoorworkingfamilies.Foranother,italsocanrevealhiswritingstyleandthedeeprootedsocialproblems.Thestorydescribedthechangeofcollectiveeconomy,politics,andmoralityinEnglandanditdidthetransitionfromanold-agriculturalnationtoamodern-industrialone.UnderthehypocriticalbourgeoisieinvadedinEngland,people’sreligiousbeliefalsoexperiencedaremarkablechange,especiallyforrevealinghypocrisydominatedthepositionofwomeninfamiliesandsociety.Tess’sexperiencewasagoodexample.InthestoryTessasapurewomanwasvividlypresentedinthesubtitleaddedintheend.Asapoorcountrygirl,TesswasseducedbytheAlecd’Urbervilles.Thenshebecamepregnant.Butunfortunatelyherchildwasdeadmiserably.Inordertomakealiving,sheworkedatafarmyardandfellinlovewithaclergyman’sson-AngelClarebyaccident.However,themisfortunehappenedagain.PureTessconfessedherhusbandaboutherpastwhenshegotmarried.IthitTess’sspiritdeeplyafterbeingabandonedbyherhusband.Undertheprofoundsorrowandduetofinancialshortcoming,shecamebacktoAlec’shouseandbecamehismistressoncemore.WhenAngelreturnedfromBrazilandrepentedhisfaulttoher,Tessfeltherlifewashopefulonceagain.ThenundertheaggravationofAlec,Tesskilledhimindesperation.Finallyshewaslikewisearrestedforherillicitbehavior.

Thispaperwillconcentrateonanalyzingthevariousfactorsthatcausedtheheroine’sinevitabletragedy.What’smore,Hardy’swritingstylevividlyreflectedinthestory.Tess’simperfectcharacter,theextremepovertydidherfamilysuffersandtheunfairsocialconventionalvalueputhertoleadadifficultlife.

Chapter2LiteratureReview

InordertoanalyzeTess’sinevitabletragedy,somanyexpertsmadegreateffortsdidresearches.YangYonghe（2002）statedtheideaofheroismofTess,bygivingdifferentexamplesaboutTess’sbehaviorsandanalyzingtherelationshipbetweenTess’sheroismandhertragiclife.WangHairong（2011）exposedherviewpointaboutTess,whosufferedvariousdifficultiesduetoinequitablesocialvaluesbetweenmenandwomen.LindShang（2003）wroteanarticlecalledAnAnalysisofTess’stragedy-fromaPsychologicalPerspective,undertheviewofpsychoanalyticmicroscope,shestressedTess’sindividualpersonalityplayedadirectpartinhertragicfate.Heye（2003）publishedhisthesisTessofthed’Urbervilles,aMightyTragedy,thispaperfocusontheheroine’scharacter,andtherelationshipwiththeAngelClareandAlecd’Urbervilles,alsohemanagedtoprovingthevariouselementsintheplotindictedTess’sinevitabledoom.

ThoseexpertshavedonealotofresearchesontheTessofthed’Urbervilles.However,someofthemdidn’tgiveacomprehensivedefinitionandexplicitexplanationaboutTess’sinevitabletragedy.ThispaperwillfocusonseekingmoreinformationandanalyzingTess’sinevitabledoom.Suchasthelandscapeinthenovelalsoindicatedsomethingunpleasantwouldoccurthroughoutherlife.Besides,Hardy’swritingstylewasfullofimaginationandfatalism,andbothwereimportantfactorscomposedoftheheroine’sdisaster.Hardyhaddonedeepresearchaccordingtotheallkindsofbackgroundinformationatthattime,whichalsomadehimbecameadistinguisheddramatistandhisworksrevealedasenseofhumor.Inthestory,Tessasahelplessvictim,andsheshouldhaveknownitwasabadomenwhenshedecidedtosacrificeherselfforthefamily’sbenefit,thevariousmisfortunehappenedtoherandmadeherhadnochoicebuttoputherselfinsuchasituation,itgoeswithoutsayingthatshewasdestinedtoledatragiclife.

Chapter3Tragiccomponentsandsomeinevitablefactors

3.1Thevariousmisfortuneshappenedtotheheroine

3.1.1Theinevitablesocialtragedy

ThestoryTessofthed’Urbervilleshappenedinaruralplace-Wessexwasfullofvariousfertilelands,andpeasantsledasimplelife.Thereisnodoubtthatasadownrightandloyalgirl,Tess’scouldn’tresistallkindsofmisfortuneshappenedtoher.Withthereformationoftechnologyandwidespreadoftheindustrialization,moreandmorepeasantsleftforbigcitiestogainmoney.Manyfarmersmakealivingbysellingtheirlimitedproducts.Tess’sfamilyalsosufferedalotofdisasterduringtheindustrialcivilizationinvadedintheruralareas.Astheeldestchildinherfamily,Tesshadtotakeresponsibilitytosupportherfamily.Thoughshewasn’twillingtoaccepthermotherideatovisitthed’UrbervillesMansion,sheobeyedtheparent’swillsintheend.Unfortunately,misfortunehappenedtoherlife,forTesswasseducedbyAlec.ThelossofvirginitymadeTessheart-broken,anditsymbolizedthemistakewouldinfluencethroughoutallherlife.Fromthenon,Tess’ssocialvaluesdidagreatchange,andshehadnodesiretopursueahappyfuture.Theonlypurposeofherlifewastoassistherfamiliesnomatterhowhardshipneededhertoovercome.Theycanonlybepureiftheyare‘chaste’:

eitherwhatHardycalls‘anunsulliedvirgin’.（ThomasHardy,2005）.FromthestandpointofHardy,hecombatedunfairtrendintheVictorianhypocrisytowardsex,whichdemandedadecentwomantobepureandshouldn’tlosevirginitywhensheunmarried.JustasHarryCampbelldemonstratedhisideathatthesexualinstinctforlessintenseforwomenthanmen.Withthepopularityofthehypocrisy,thereexistedinequalitybetweenmenandwomen,doubtlessly,Tessasasymbolicandinevitabletragedianwithsocialdevelopment.

3.1.2Conventionalthoughtsandimpoverishedlife

ThemisfortunehappenedtoTessfromvariousaspects,anddirecttragedyowestoherfamily.Withtheinvasionofcapitalismandindustrialization,farmerssufferedsignificantpovertyandledanextremelyhardlife.Tess’sfamilyalsosufferedagreatchangeduringthistime.Onalargedegree,