Architecture建筑艺术.docx
《Architecture建筑艺术.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Architecture建筑艺术.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Architecture建筑艺术
Architecture
SectionandelevationofthedomeofFlorenceCathedral.
Brunelleschi,inthebuildingofthedome,notonlytransformedthecathedralandthecityofFlorence,butalsotheroleandstatusofthearchitect.
Thetermarchitecture(fromGreekwordαρχιτεκτονική,pronouncedarchitektonike)canrefertoaprocess,aprofessionordocumentation.
Asaprocess,architectureistheactivityofdesigningandconstructingbuildingsandotherphysicalstructuresprimarilytoprovideshelter.Awiderdefinitionoftenincludesthedesignofthetotalbuiltenvironment,fromthemacrolevelofhowabuildingintegrateswithitssurroundinglandscape(seetownplanning,urbandesign,andlandscapearchitecture)tothemicrolevelofarchitecturalorconstructiondetailsand,sometimes,furniture.Widerstill,architectureistheactivityofdesigninganykindofsystem.
Asaprofession,architectureistheroleofthosepersonsormachinesprovidingarchitecturalservices.
Asdocumentation,usuallybasedondrawings,architecturedefinesthestructureand/orbehaviorofabuildingoranyotherkindofsystemthatistobeorhasbeenconstructed.
Architectshaveastheirprimaryobjectprovidingforthespatialandshelterneedsofpeopleingroupsofsomekind(families,schools,churches,businesses,etc.)bythecreativeorganisationofmaterialsandcomponentsinaland-orcity-scape,dealingwithmass,space,form,volume,texture,structure,light,shadow,materials,program,andpragmaticelementssuchascost,constructionlimitationsandtechnology,toachieveanendwhichisfunctional,economical,practicalandoftenwithartisticandaestheticaspects.Thisdistinguishesarchitecturefromengineeringdesign,whichhasasitsprimaryobjectthecreativemanipulationofmaterialsandformsusingmathematicalandscientificprinciples.
Separatefromthedesignprocess,architectureisalsoexperienced[1]throughthesenses,whichthereforegivesrisetoaural,[2]visual,olfactory,[3]andtactile[4]architecture.Aspeoplemovethroughaspace,architectureisexperiencedasatimesequence.[5]Eventhoughourcultureconsidersarchitecturetobeavisualexperience,theothersensesplayaroleinhowweexperiencebothnaturalandbuiltenvironments.Attitudestowardsthesensesdependonculture.[6]Thedesignprocessandthesensoryexperienceofaspacearedistinctlyseparateviews,eachwithitsownlanguageandassumptions.
Architecturalworksareperceivedasculturalandpoliticalsymbolsandworksofart.Historicalcivilizationsareoftenknownprimarilythroughtheirarchitecturalachievements.SuchbuildingsasthepyramidsofEgyptandtheRomanColosseumareculturalsymbols,andareanimportantlinkinpublicconsciousness,evenwhenscholarshavediscoveredmuchaboutapastcivilizationthroughothermeans.Cities,regionsandculturescontinuetoidentifythemselveswith(andareknownby)theirarchitecturalmonuments.[7]
Etymologyandapplicationoftheterm
Theword"architecture"comesfromtheLatinarchitecturaandthatfromGreekαρχιτέκτων(architectu),"masterbuilder",fromthecombinationofαρχι-(archi-),"chief"or"leader"andτέκτων(tekton),a"builder"or"carpenter".[8][9]Whiletheprimaryapplicationoftheword"architecture"pertainstothebuiltenvironment,byextension,thetermhascometodenotetheartanddisciplineofcreatinganactual(orinferringanimpliedorapparent)planofanycomplexobjectorsystem.Thetermcanbeusedtoconnotetheimpliedarchitectureofmathematicsorofabstractthingssuchasmusic,theapparentarchitectureofnaturalthings,suchasgeologicalformationsorthestructureofbiologicalcells,orexplicitlyplannedarchitecturesofwhichpreservestherelationshipsamongtheelementsorcomponents.
TheoryofArchitecture
Mainarticle:
Architecturaltheory
Historictreatises
ArchitecturaldrawingsofdetailsofthePalaceofPersepolis,Persia
TheearliestwrittenworkonthesubjectofarchitectureisDearchitectura,bytheRomanarchitectVitruviusintheearly1stcenturyCE.[10]AccordingtoVitruvius,agoodbuildingshouldsatisfythethreeprinciplesoffirmitatisutilitatisvenustatis,[11][12]whichtranslatesroughlyas-
∙Durability-itshouldstanduprobustlyandremainingoodcondition.
∙Utility-itshouldbeusefulandfunctionwellforthepeopleusingit.
∙Beauty-itshoulddelightpeopleandraisetheirspirits.
AccordingtoVitruvius,thearchitectshouldstrivetofulfilleachofthesethreeattributesaswellaspossible.
TheParthenon,Athens,"thesupremeexampleamongarchitecturalsites."(Fletcher).[13]
LeoneBattistaAlberti,whoelaboratesontheideasofVitruviusinhistreatise,DeReAedificatoria,sawbeautyprimarilyasamatterofproportion,althoughornamentalsoplayedapart.ForAlberti,therulesofproportionwereth