美国清教徒讲座文本Word文档下载推荐.docx
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他们加强政治集权,推行重商主义,奖励文化创造,有力促进了民族国家的发展。
但在意大利、德意志还存在着分裂割据,迫切需要政治统一;
第三,思想文化领域出现了新兴资产阶级反封建、反神权的文艺复兴运动。
人文主义者批判中世纪教会的蒙昧、禁欲说教与封建的等级权制度,鼓吹个人的自由、平等与欲望,提倡竞争进取精神与科学求知的理论,极大地推动了人们的思想解放与观念更新,构成了对天主教神权的巨大冲击。
在这样的社会背景下,16世纪西欧的宗教改革都把矛头对准罗马教会对欧洲的大一统神权统治,要求通过改革建立适应于民族国家发展的“民族教会”或适应于资产阶级兴起需要的“廉价教会”。
ThoseearlysettlerswhocametotheNewWorldseeking"
purity"
inworshiparetodayregularlycharacterizedasstern,colorless,humorlessandcertainlysexlesspeople.Inshort,"
puritanical."
Thecommonly-held'
darkside,'
theMassachusettsBayColonyPuritans:
witch-hunts,elitism,intolerance,narrow-mindedzealotry;
McCarthyism.
BothPilgrimsandPuritanshaveservedaspartofarationalefornationalprogressandculturalidentity.
Itisestimatedthat,betweentheyears1629and1640,about80,000PuritansfledfromEnglandbecauseofreligiouspersecution.About21,000ofthemcametoMassachusettsBayColony(theotherswenttoIreland,theNetherlandsandtheWestIndies).
TherootsofPuritanismaretobefoundinthebeginningsoftheEnglishReformation.TheprocessthroughwhichPuritanismdevelopedhadbeeninitiatedinthe1530s,whenKingHenryVIIIrefusedpapalauthorityandtransformedtheChurchofRomeintoastateChurchofEngland.ButtheChurchofEnglandretainedmuchoftheritualofRomanCatholicismandseemed,tomanydissenters,tobeinsufficientlyreformed.
PuritansweregenerallymembersoftheChurchofEnglandwhobelievedtheChurchofEnglandwasinsufficientlyReformedandwhothereforeopposedroyalchurchpolicyunderElizabethIofEngland,JamesIofEngland,andCharlesIofEngland.
BeguninthelatesixteenthcenturyasaprotestagainstthedirectiontheChurchofEnglandwastaking,theywantedtopurifythetheology,liturgy(礼拜仪式),andecclesiastical(基督教的)structuresofthechurch.AllpurificationswerebasedontheBible,thefinalauthorityforbeliefandconduct.ItwasintheBible,andintheirreligionwhichwasbasedontheirinterpretationoftheBible,thattheysoughtthespiritualanswerstoquestionsraisedbytheirdailylives.
WhyEscapingEngland?
Sincetherewaslittleseparationofchurchandstateinthosedays,theywerepersecutedinallaspectsoftheirlives-notjusttheirreligiouslives.
InEngland,theywereapersecutedminority.
Theeventsof1629convincedmanyPuritansthatKingCharleswasanardentfoeoffurtherchurchreforms.SinceKingCharleswasonly29yearsoldin1629,theywerethusfacedwiththeprospectofcountlessdecadeswithoutreformsandwiththeirproposalsbeingsuppressed.Giventhissituation,somePuritansbeganconsideringfoundingtheirowncolonywheretheycouldworshipinafullyreformedchurch,farfromthepryingeyesofKingCharlesandthebishops.
GreatMigration
Particularlyintheyearsafter1630,PuritansleftforNewEngland,supportingthefoundingoftheMassachusettsBayColonyandothersettlements.Thelarge-scalePuritanemigrationtoNewEnglandendedin1642withthestartoftheEnglishCivilWarwhenKingCharlesIeffectivelyshutoffemigrationtothecolonies.
MostPuritanswhomigratedtoNorthAmericacameinthedecade1630-1642inwhatisknownastheGreatMigration.
ThePilgrims(1620)MostPuritanswere"
non-separatingPuritans"
meaningtheydidnotadvocatesettingupseparatecongregationsdistinctfromtheChurchofEngland;
asmallminorityofPuritanswere"
separatingPuritans"
whoadvocatedsettingupcongregationsoutsidetheChurch.
OneSeparatistgroup,thePilgrims,leftforNewEnglandonboardtheMayflowerestablishedthePlymouthColonyin1620.Non-separatingPuritansplayedleadingrolesinestablishingtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1629andtheConnecticutColonyin1636.TheColonyofRhodeIslandwasestablishedbysettlersexpelledfromtheMassachusettsBayColonybecauseoftheirunorthodoxreligiousopinions.
WhoareColonialAmericanPuritans?
Puritanswerebasicallymiddleclassandfairlywell-educated.ThePuritanattackontheestablishedchurchgainedpopularstrength,especiallyinEastAngliaandamongthelawyersandmerchantsofLondon.Themovementfoundwidesupportamongthesenewprofessionalclasses,inpartbecauseitwascongenialtotheirgrowingdiscontentwithmercantileeconomicrestraints.
ThemajorityofthePuritanswerefromthemiddleclassofEnglishsociety.Theywereeducated--twothirdsoftheadultmalescouldsigntheirownnames--andmostofthemcouldaffordtopaytheirownpassage.Theywereusually(about60percent)skilledcraftsmenortradesmen.Theytendedtomigrateinfamilies.Morethan40percentwereadultmenandwomenovertheageof25andabouthalfofthemwerechildrenundertheageof16.Veryfewwereelderlyandveryfewwereservants.WiththePuritans,thenuclearfamilywasveryimportantandtheextendedfamilynotasimportantasinothergroups.家庭结构的影响Therefore,wedon'
tseethemmigratinginclansas,forexample,theScotch-Irishdid.
TwoFigures
JohnWinthrop(1587/8-1649),GovernoroftheMassachusettsBayColony,wholedthePuritansintheGreatMigration,beginningin1630.
PuritanJohnWinthrop,alawyer,sailedforNewEnglandin1630alongwith700colonistsonboardelevenshipsknowncollectivelyastheWinthropFleet.Duringthecrossing,hecalledonhisfellowsettlerstomaketheirnewcolonyaCityuponaHill(areferencetoMatthew5:
14-16),meaningthattheywouldbeamodeltoallthenationsofEuropeastowhataproperlyreformedChristiancommonwealthshouldlooklike.
JohnWinthrop(1588-1649)said,"
Weshallbeasacityuponahill."
HebelievedthatDivineProvidencehadgivenPuritansthefreedomtodeterminetheirdestiny,butthattheeyesoftheworldwouldbeuponthem.
ThePuritanssoughttoformadistinctkindofhumanbeingandcitizen,basedontheBibleasasacredtextrevealedtohumanbeingsbyGod.Life,liberty,andpropertyaregiftsfromGodtobeusedforthecommongood.Theindividualhadadutytoserveothersandthecommunityasawhole,throughChristiancharity.
Allhumanbeingsareequal—equallysubjecttotheordinancesofGod.Buttheunequaldistributionofpowerandgoodsissimplyafactoflifetobeaccepted.Theeconomic,social,andpoliticalinequalityorhierarchythatisevidentthroughouttheworldispermanentandhasapurpose.
Loveyourneighborsasyourself,anddountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdotoyou.WithfaithinChrist,peoplecanexercisesuchvirtuesaslove,mercy,temperance,patience,andobedience;
findthespiritualstrengthtoresisttemptations,andstanduptoevil.
NewEnglandtheologicalcontroversies,1632-1642TheRogerWilliamscontroversy
Asnotedearlier,thevastmajorityofPuritanswhosettledintheMassachusettsBayColonywerenon-separatingPuritans.Thismeantthat,whiletheydeeplyabhorredmanyofthepracticesoftheChurchofEngland,theyrefusedtoseparatefromtheChurchofEnglandbecausetheyplacedanextremelyhighvalueonthedoctrineoftheunityoftheChurch.
EngravingofastatueofRogerWilliams(1603-1683),PuritanministerwhowasexpelledfromtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1636forhisextremistviewsandwhoadvocatedreligiousliberty.WilliamsfoundedthecityofProvidence,RhodeIsland.
RogerWilliams,aSeparatingPuritanminister,arrivedinBostonin1631.Williams'
actionssooutragedthePuritanleadersoftheMassachusettsBayColonythattheyexpelledhimfromthecolony.In1636,theexiledWilliamsfoundedthecityofProvidence,RhodeIsland.WilliamswasoneofthefirstPuritanstoadvocateseparationofchurchandstateandRhodeIslandwasoneofthefirstplacesintheChristianworldtorecognizefreedomofreligion.
.BasicBeliefs
TheideaofpersonalBiblicalinterpretation,whilecentraltoPuritanbeliefswassharedwithmostProtestantsingeneral.PuritanssoughtbothindividualandcorporateconformitytotheteachingoftheBible,withmoralpuritypursuedbothdowntothesmallestdetailaswellasecclesiasticalpuritytothehighestlevel.TheybelievedthatmanexistedforthegloryofGod;
thathisfirstconcerninlifewastodoGod'
swillandsotoreceivefuturehappiness.ThePuritanswantedtoestablishthehigheststandardofhowhumanbeingsshouldact.
1.ThePuritangoalwastocompletewhatEngland’sReformationbegan:
tofinishreshapingAnglicanworship,tointroduceeffectivechurchdisciplineintoAnglicanparishes,toestablishrighteousnessinthepolitical,domestic,andsocio-economicfields,andtoconvertallEnglishmentoavigorousevangelicalfaith.Throughthepreachingandteachingofthegospel,andthesanctifyingofallarts,sciences,andskills,Englandwastobecomealandofsaints,amodelandparagonofcorporategodliness,andassuchameansofblessingtotheworld.InthoughtandoutlooktheywereradicallyGod-centered.TheirappreciationofGod’ssovereignmajestywasprofound,andtheirreverenceinhandlinghiswrittenwordwasdeepandconstant.TheyappliedtheirunderstandingofthemindofGodtoeverybranchoflife,seeingthechurch,thefamily,thestate,theartsandsciences,theworldofcommerceandindustryassomanyspheresinwhichGodmustbeservedandhonored.KnowingGod,thePuritansalsoknewman.Theysawhimasinoriginanoblebeing,madeinGod’simagetoruleGod’searth,butnowtragicallybrutalizedbysin.
2.TotalDepravity-throughAdamandEve'
sfall,everypersonisbornsinful-conceptofOriginalSin.
3.Backsliding:
Thebeliefthat"
saved"
believers,thosewithvisiblesignsofgrace,canfal