动名词.docx
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动名词
动名词
动名词的动词特点
一、表示时间:
在多数情况下,现在式的动名词和同句或同一分句中谓语动词表示的时间是一致的:
Playingfootballrequiresalargeplayground.(一般情况)
IlikeeatingChinesefood.
Heissorryforbeingidle.
Ienjoyedeatingthedinner.(过去情况)
Hishobbywascollectingstamps.
Hissuccesswilldependuponhisworkingharderandbeingassistedbyfriends.(将来情况)
Iwillavoidbeingseenbyher.
如果动名词是一个表示意图的谓语动词的宾语,动名词表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间要晚一些:
Heinsistsontryingagain.
Heintends(orproposes)goingabroad.
Headvocated(orsuggested,advised)ourstudyingscience.
Thereisnohopeofseeingthepeacefulworldagain.
完成形式的动名词表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间要早一些:
Iamproudofhavingsent(=thatIhavesent)allmygirlstocollege.
Heisnotsureofhavingsaid(=thathehassaid)anythingagainstyou.
Heisnotsureofhavingsaid(=thathesaid)anythingagainstyouyesterday.
在某些情况下,现在形式的动名词起着完成形式的动名词的作用,表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间早:
Heremembersseeinghersomewhere.
Heregrettedmakingthesemistakes.
Herepentedoffoolingaroundwhenhewasyoung.
Hewaspunishedforstealingsomething.
二、有主动、被动两种形式
在某些情况下,主动的动名词却有被动的意思,特别是在下面两种情况:
1)在need,deserve这类动词后作宾语:
Thishouseneeds(orwants,requires)repairing(但要用toberepaired).
Thisarticleneedscorrecting(但:
tobecorrected).(比较:
Therelationsbetweenthesetwocountriesareinneedofimproving.)
Thismethoddeservesrecommending(但:
toberecommended).
2)
Thefruitisnowripeforpicking.
Themonumentisreadyforbuilding.
Thisisnotfitforeating.
Thismistakeispastmending.
Hiswordsarepastbelieving.
Thisfoolispastsaving.这人傻得没救了。
Issuchabookworthreading(=worthytoberead)?
Thisjobisnotworthdoing.
三、作为动词,可以有一个意义上的主语
1)这种主语可以不出现或由上下文暗示出来:
a)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词seeing和believing的意义上的主语为一般人)
Cheatingothersdoesnotpay.
Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
b)Itisnousetalkingaboutthismatter.(动名词talking的意义上的主语为你我)
Sayingsuchathingisfoolish.(动名词saying的意义上的主语为对方或另一人)
Isuggestedfightingtothelastman.(动名词fighting的意义上的主语为我们的军队)
c)Atthe(orthis)moment(ortime)ofwriting,thebattleisstillgoingon.(writing的意义上的主语为讲话人自己)
d)Johnispraisedforfightingbravely.(fighting意义上的主语就是句子主语John.)(这种用法很普通)
Marywillconsiderdoingsomethingforyou.
e)TheypunishedWilliamforfightingintheclassroom.
(fighting的意义上的主语为句子的宾语William)(这种用法也很普通)
Thankyouforlendingmetheraincoat.
f)Workingtoohardwillinjureourhealth.(working的意义上的主语由our表示出来,指我们。
)
Yoursuccessconsistsindoingthesamethingyearafteryear.
Happinessdoesnotconsistinhowmanypossessionsyouown.
2)如果意义上的主语从上下文中已可清楚看出,若再加上就显得多余,如下面句子中的his,our:
IpraisedJohnfor(his)workinghard.
Wearetalkingabout(our)goingtocollege.
(Our)doingtoomuchmaybeworsethan(our)doingnothing.
Anewmemberhastopayacertainfeebefore(his)enteringtheclub.
•但有时意义上的主语必须说出,以防引起误解。
由于句子主语常常被理解为动名词意义上的主语,下面例句中动名词表示的究竟是谁的动作则不清楚,须加上意义上的主语,以防造成误解:
•Alotofmoneysuddenlycameinwithoutaskingforit.(在asking前应加上my或其他名词或代词)
•Yoursonmustfinishahighschoolcoursebeforesendinghimtocollege.(在sending前要加your)
•Onenteringtheroom,somethingwonderfulpresenteditself.(在entering前要加his或其他名词或代词)
3)在动名词必须表明它是谁的动作时,通常要在它前面加一个John‘s,mymother’s,his这类所有格的词,作为它正式意义上的主语。
不过有时可用一个普通格的词如John,mymother,him来代替。
一般说来,用所有格形式(P)(Possessive)比较正式,用普通格形式(C)(CommonCase)比较口语化和强调。
使用所有格还是普通格,取决于动名词是作主语、宾语还是补语,也取决于意义上的主语是名词还是代词:
a)动名词作主语时,P比C更普通一些,不管意义上的主语是名词还是代词:
John'scominghomefromabroadisagreatevent.
Children'slearningmannersisimportant.
Hiscominghomefromabroadisagreatevent.
Theirlearningmannersisimportant.
如果动名词短语由it代表,而意义上的主语为名词,C比P更普通:
ItisagreateventJohncominghomefromabroad.
Itisimportantchildrenlearningmanners.
另外,在下面几种情况下C比P更普通:
1)当意义上的主语是“物”而不是“人”时:
Iaminformedoftheexaminationbeingverystrict.
Heisfondofcoffeebeingservedafterdinner.
Werejoicedatourtroopsdrivingtheenemybackacrosstheborder.
IamremindedofitbeingSunday.
2)当意义上的主语是一个指示词时:
Youwillobligemebyallstandinghere.
Thiscannotbesaidwithoutsomegettingangry.
Iamdoubtfulofthisbeingthebestone.
3)当意义上的主语由一组词表示时:
Adreamofallthemembersofthefamilylivingtogetheragainhasalwaysbeeninmymind.
Oldandyoungstudyinginthesameclassroomisaverycharmingsight.
四、后面可以跟动名词的动词
admit
dread
anticipate
enjoy
appreciate
escape
avoid
excuse
consider
Fancy=imagine
defer
finish
delay
deny
detest
dislike
loathe
resent
involve
Keep=continue
recollect
remember
Mean=involve
mind
miss
resist
forgive
pardon
risk
postpone
Practise/practice
Stop=cease
prevent
suggest
propose
understand
save
forbid
confess
advocate
五、连接动名词的词组
can’tstand(=endure),can’thelp,itisnouse/good以及形容词worth后面
Headmittedtakingthemoney.
他承认拿了那笔钱。
Avoidover-eating.
要避免暴饮暴食。
Wouldyouconsidersellingtheproperty?
你愿考虑卖出这产业吗?
Hedetestswritingle