Acing the TOEFL Writing 3Word文档下载推荐.docx

Acing the TOEFL Writing 3Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Conclusion

vSummarizetheessay’skeypoint（s）

（总结全文要点）

2.Restatetheauthor’sposition/opinion（ThesisStatement）

（重述文章立场）

3.Close;

bringanendtotheessay

（收尾）

BodyParagraph（2/3）

vBodyParagraphModel:

vTopicSentence（主题句）:

Tellyourreaderswhatyou’regoingtotellthem.

（告诉读者你将告诉他们什么）

2.SpecificSupport（细节支持）:

Tellittothem.

（告诉读者这些内容）

3.RewordedTopicSentence（重述主题）:

Tellthemwhatyoujusttoldthem.

（告诉读者你刚刚告诉了他们什么）

BodyParagraph（3/3）

vFiveRequirements:

1.Length（长度）:

7-11sentences;

2.LimitorFocus（范围与中心）;

3.Unity（一致）;

4.CoherenceandCohesion（连贯）;

5.Development（拓展）.

HowtoWriteAGoodTopicSentence

Topicsentence:

Aprecisestatementoftheopinionyouwishtopersuadeyourreaderstoaccept.

主题句（意欲说服读者去接受的观点的精确陈述）

TopicSentence

vTopicsentence?

1.Historyiswhathappenedinthepast.

2.Historyiswhatwillhappeninthefuture.

3.Parentsarereallychildren’sgreatestenemy.

4.Part-timejobsaremoreimportantthanstudytouniversitystudents.

----afact

----anopinionthathardlyanyonebelieves

----outrageousstand

vTwoparts（Noinstantacceptance,nordoubt）:

（勿引起瞬间认可或怀疑）：

1.alimitedsubject;

2.apreciseopinionaboutthatsubject.

Nowadays,part-timejobsaresoessentialasstudytouniversitystudents.

vBasicPattern:

“limitedsubject”is“preciseopinion”

vOver-packagingofsupermarketitemsisseriouslywastefulofnaturalresources.

vGoingtoTorontoislikecominghome.

vHitchhikingisdangerous.

vSophisticatedPattern:

vOver-packagingofsupermarketitemsseriouslywastesnaturalresources.

vEventhoughIhaveneverreallylivedthere,goingtoTorontoislikecominghome.

vHitchhikinghasprovedthelastrideformanypeople.

vPlacing&

Focus

Placing:

always1stsentence?

ChoiceA:

1stsentence

ChoiceB:

2ndsentence

*Handout,Page10of52

vFocus:

1.Becomplete:

asentence

（完整的句子）

2.Beclear:

plainandobvious

（清晰：

朴实而明确）

3.Bespecific:

Ifsufficientlyspecific,atopicsentencetendstobeclear.

（细节：

充分细节，即是清晰）

①StreetandhighwayconstructioninBeijingisadebatablesubject.

Possiblecorrections:

vManypeopleinBeijingarguethatpartsof4thRingRoadisuglyandobscurestheview.

vAllfour-lanehighwaysinBeijingshouldbeabolished.

vHighwayconstructioninBeijingmaybeacceleratedbecauseoftheserioustrafficcongestion.

DPPractice----SolidRealTopics

②Acollegestudentshouldknowhowtowriteagoodcomposition.

Possiblecorrections:

vWritinganoutlineisanaidtoorganizingacomposition.

vWordchoiceinacompositionshouldbebothexactandimaginative.

vSentencelengthandstructureshouldbevariedinacomposition.

vTheparagraphsofacompositionmustberelatedtoeachother.

vThethesissentenceofacompositioniscomparabletothetopicsentenceofaparagraph.

vThetitleofacompositionshouldprovokethereader’sinterestandgivehimanideaofwhatthecompositionisabout.

T.S.:

RealPastTopics

v2009-05-30IndependentWriting

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?

Youngerschoolchildrenaged5to10shouldberequiredtostudyartandmusicinadditiontomath,language,science,andhistory.

v2009-5-30

Severaldecadesago,onlyseen/viewed/regardedasamethodofentertainmentandamusement,artandmusicarenotrequiredcoursesforyoungerchildrenage5to10.Yetagrowingnumberofpeople,includingme,aretakingafreshattitudethatartandmusic,inadditiontomath,language,science,andhistory,shouldbelistedascompulsorycoursesinprimaryeducation.Thisessaywillexplorethreeessentialreasons:

theoutletofpressure,thesourceofinspiration,andeventheappreciationofcultureandhistory.

（83words）

vTopicSentence:

Artandmusicaretheoutletofpressurefromtraditionalcourses.

Artandmusicprove/areregardedas/arethoughtofas/areconsideredasanoutletofpressurefrommath,language,science,andhistory.

Artandmusicarethesourceofinspirationoftraditionalcourses.

Artandmusiccoursescanhelpyoungerstudentsinspirenewinsightsintotraditionalcourses.

Artandmusicisamirrorofcultureandhistory.

Throughartandmusic,childrenmaygainadeeperappreciationofcultureandhistory.

v2010-03-06

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:

Inordertosolvetheproblemsinthepresentandfuture,itisnecessarytounderstandpast.

vItwasuniversallyacceptedthatspendingmuchtimeonstudyinghistoryisunreasonable,sincetheinformationpeopleobtainlacksthepracticalimplementation.Incontemporarysociety,mostpeople,includingme,areconvincedthattodealwiththetroublesordifficultiesinthepresentandfuture,itisabsolutelynecessarytohaveadeeperunderstandingofpast,whichwillhelpusunderstandsocialmechanism,createbettercommunication,andthenavoidoldmistakes.

（71words）

vBetterunderstandingofsocialmechanismreflectedinhistorycanhelppeopledealwithsolidtroubles.

vHistorystoriescanimpartpeopleeffectivecommunicationskillswhichmakegreatcontributiontoaddressingproblems.

vExperienceincludedinpastcaseswilldefinitelyshieldpeoplefromoldmistakes.

HowtoObtainEffectiveDevelopment

Development:

Possiblythemostserious-andmostcommon-weaknessofallessaysbynovicewritersisthelackofeffectivelydevelopedbodyparagraphs.Therefore,youmustincludeenoughsupportinginformationorevidenceineachparagraphtomakeyourreadersunderstandyourtopicsentence.

vInform&

Persuade

Body:

EffectiveDevelopment

v5StrategiesofDevelopment

1.Cause&

Effect,

2.Exemplification,

3.Division&

Classification,

4.Comparison&

Contrast.

5.Definition,

Development:

CauseandEffect

vAristotle’sthreebasicsourcesofappeal:

Logos,Ethos,andPathos:

Syllogism（三段论）:

Enthymeme:

BecauseSocratesisaman,heismortal.

（三段论省略式）

MajorPremise:

Allmenaremortal.

（unstatedreason）

MinorPremise:

Socratesisaman.

（statedreason）

Conclusion:

Therefore,Socratesismortal.

（claim）

2009-06-12:

Studentsshouldworkatpart-timejobswhenattendinguniversity.

Enthymeme（三段论省略式）:

Part-timejobsarebadforcollegestudentsbecausetheytakeawaystudytime.

Conclusion（claim）:

Part-timejobsarebadforcollegestudents.

MinorPremise（statedreason）:

becausetheytakeawaystudytime.

MajorPremise（unstatedreason）:

Lossofstudytimeisbad.

Part-timejobsaregoodforcollegestudentsbecausetheyteachresponsibilityandtimemanagement.

Part-timejobsaregoodforcollegestudents.

becausetheyteachresponsibilityandtimemanagement.

Activitiesthatteachresponsibilityandtimemanagementaregood.

vStephenToulmin’smodel:

Claim:

你意图说服受众去接受的观点

StatedReason:

yourbecauseclause;

你陈述的理由

Grounds:

theevidence（data,facts,testimony,statistics,examples）supportingyourstatedreason.

UnstatedReason:

未明示的理由

Backing:

evidenceorotherargumentationsupportingtheunstatedreason.

Qualifier:

wordsorphraseslimitingtheforceofyourclaim.

MichealYuisabadleader.

becauseheistoobossy.

variousexamplesofMichealYu’sbossiness;

testimonyabouthisbossinessfromteachersinNOS.

Bossypeoplearebadleaders.

argumentsshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,bossypeopletendtobringouttheworstratherthanthebestinthosearoundthem;

bossypeopletendnottoaskadvice,makebaddecisions;

etc.

Inmostcircumstances,heisn’tagoodleader.Manypeoplethinkheisn’tagoodleader.

Part-timejobsarebadforcollegestudents.

Statedreason:

Dataandevidenceshowingthatpart-timejobstakeawaystudytime（examplesofcollegestudentswhoworklateanddon’tstudy,statisticsshowingthatcollegestudentswithjobsstudylessthanthosewithoutjobs,testimonyfromteachersthatworkingcollegestudentsstudylessthanthosewithoutjobs,etc）.

inmanycases;

formanyteenagers

Part-timejobsarebadforcolleg