Acing the TOEFL Writing 3Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、 Conclusionv Summarize the essays key point（s） （总结全文要点）2. Restate the authors position/opinion （Thesis Statement） （重述文章立场）3. Close; bring an end to the essay（收尾）Body Paragraph （2/3）v Body Paragraph Model:v Topic Sentence（主题句）: Tell your readers what youre going to tell them. （告诉读者你将告诉他们什么）2. Specifi

2、c Support（细节支持）: Tell it to them. （告诉读者这些内容）3. Reworded Topic Sentence（重述主题）: Tell them what you just told them. （告诉读者你刚刚告诉了他们什么）Body Paragraph （3/3）v Five Requirements: 1. Length（长度）: 7-11 sentences; 2. Limit or Focus（范围与中心）; 3. Unity（一致）; 4. Coherence and Cohesion（连贯）; 5. Development（拓展）.How to Wr

3、ite A Good Topic SentenceTopic sentence: A precise statement of the opinion you wish to persuade your readers to accept. 主题句（意欲说服读者去接受的观点的精确陈述）Topic Sentencev Topic sentence?1. History is what happened in the past.2. History is what will happen in the future.3. Parents are really childrens greatest

4、enemy.4. Part-time jobs are more important than study to university students. -a fact -an opinion that hardly anyone believes -outrageous standv Two parts （No instant acceptance, nor doubt）: （勿引起瞬间认可或怀疑）： 1. a limited subject; 2. a precise opinion about that subject. Nowadays, part-time jobs are so

5、essential as study to university students.v Basic Pattern: “limited subject” is “precise opinion”v Over-packaging of supermarket items is seriously wasteful of natural resources. v Going to Toronto is like coming home.v Hitchhiking is dangerous.v Sophisticated Pattern:v Over-packaging of supermarket

6、 items seriously wastes natural resources. v Even though I have never really lived there, going to Toronto is like coming home.v Hitchhiking has proved the last ride for many people.v Placing & Focus Placing: always 1st sentence? Choice A: 1st sentence Choice B: 2nd sentence *Handout, Page 10 of 52v

7、 Focus :1. Be complete: a sentence （完整的句子）2. Be clear: plain and obvious （清晰：朴实而明确）3. Be specific: If sufficiently specific, a topic sentence tends to be clear. （细节：充分细节，即是清晰）Street and highway construction in Beijing is a debatable subject.Possible corrections:v Many people in Beijing argue that pa

8、rts of 4th Ring Road is ugly and obscures the view.v All four-lane highways in Beijing should be abolished.v Highway construction in Beijing may be accelerated because of the serious traffic congestion.DP Practice-Solid Real TopicsA college student should know how to write a good composition. Possib

9、le corrections:v Writing an outline is an aid to organizing a composition.v Word choice in a composition should be both exact and imaginative.v Sentence length and structure should be varied in a composition.v The paragraphs of a composition must be related to each other.v The thesis sentence of a c

10、omposition is comparable to the topic sentence of a paragraph.v The title of a composition should provoke the readers interest and give him an idea of what the composition is about.T.S. : Real Past Topicsv 2009-05-30 Independent Writing Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger

11、school children aged 5 to 10 should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science, and history. v 2009-5-30 Several decades ago, only seen/viewed/regarded as a method of entertainment and amusement, art and music are not required courses for younger children age 5 to 10.

12、Yet a growing number of people, including me, are taking a fresh attitude that art and music, in addition to math, language, science, and history, should be listed as compulsory courses in primary education. This essay will explore three essential reasons: the outlet of pressure, the source of inspi

13、ration, and even the appreciation of culture and history. （83 words）v Topic Sentence: Art and music are the outlet of pressure from traditional courses. Art and music prove/are regarded as/are thought of as/are considered as an outlet of pressure from math, language, science, and history. Art and mu

14、sic are the source of inspiration of traditional courses. Art and music courses can help younger students inspire new insights into traditional courses. Art and music is a mirror of culture and history. Through art and music, children may gain a deeper appreciation of culture and history.v 2010-03-0

15、6Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: In order to solve the problems in the present and future, it is necessary to understand past.v It was universally accepted that spending much time on studying history is unreasonable, since the information people obtain lacks the practical impl

16、ementation. In contemporary society, most people, including me, are convinced that to deal with the troubles or difficulties in the present and future, it is absolutely necessary to have a deeper understanding of past, which will help us understand social mechanism, create better communication, and

17、then avoid old mistakes. （71 words）v Better understanding of social mechanism reflected in history can help people deal with solid troubles.v History stories can impart people effective communication skills which make great contribution to addressing problems.v Experience included in past cases will

18、 definitely shield people from old mistakes. How to Obtain Effective Development Development: Possibly the most serious-and most common-weakness of all essays by novice writers is the lack of effectively developed body paragraphs. Therefore, you must include enough supporting information or evidence

19、 in each paragraph to make your readers understand your topic sentence.v Inform & PersuadeBody: Effective Developmentv 5 Strategies of Development 1. Cause & Effect, 2. Exemplification, 3. Division & Classification, 4. Comparison & Contrast. 5. Definition, Development: Cause and Effectv Aristotles t

20、hree basic sources of appeal: Logos, Ethos, and Pathos: Syllogism （三段论）: Enthymeme: Because Socrates is a man, he is mortal. （三段论省略式） Major Premise: All men are mortal. （unstated reason） Minor Premise: Socrates is a man. （stated reason） Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. （claim） 2009-06-12:

21、Students should work at part-time jobs when attending university.Enthymeme （三段论省略式） : Part-time jobs are bad for college students because they take away study time.Conclusion （claim）: Part-time jobs are bad for college students. Minor Premise （stated reason）: because they take away study time.Major

22、Premise （unstated reason）: Loss of study time is bad. Part-time jobs are good for college students because they teach responsibility and time management. Part-time jobs are good for college students. because they teach responsibility and time management. Activities that teach responsibility and time

23、 management are good.v Stephen Toulmins model:Claim: 你意图说服受众去接受的观点Stated Reason: your because clause; 你陈述的理由Grounds: the evidence （data, facts, testimony, statistics, examples） supporting your stated reason.Unstated Reason: 未明示的理由Backing: evidence or other argumentation supporting the unstated reaso

24、n.Qualifier: words or phrases limiting the force of your claim. Micheal Yu is a bad leader. because he is too bossy. various examples of Micheal Yus bossiness; testimony about his bossiness from teachers in NOS. Bossy people are bad leaders. arguments showing that other things being equal, bossy peo

25、ple tend to bring out the worst rather than the best in those around them; bossy people tend not to ask advice, make bad decisions; etc. In most circumstances, he isnt a good leader. Many people think he isnt a good leader. Part-time jobs are bad for college students.Stated reason: Data and evidence

26、 showing that part-time jobs take away study time （examples of college students who work late and dont study, statistics showing that college students with jobs study less than those without jobs, testimony from teachers that working college students study less than those without jobs, etc）. in many cases; for many teenagers Part-time jobs are bad for colleg