二十四谬误中英对照Word文档格式.docx
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虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作,但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。
2.过度概化(HastyGeneralization)
McDonald'
sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition,andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideuswithnutritiousfoods.
两个个例不足以推出一个真理。
3.因果颠倒(PostHoc)
Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheymittheircrimes;
obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency.
甲事情发生在乙事情之前,这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。
4.矛盾前提(ContradictoryPremises)
IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan'
tcarry?
前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方,结论当然是错误的。
5.感性论证(AdMisericordiam)
Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!
Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem?
抒情是不能当作论证的。
6.错误类比(FalseAnalogy)
Youngchildrenarelikeflowers---flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative.
点评:
孩子和花朵的区别太大。
成长的过程也太复杂。
最好不要用这两者来类比。
7.虚假假设(HypothesisContrarytoFact)
IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV.
因为电视已经被发明了,对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。
8.无关转移(RedHerring)
Manypeoplesayweneedtoexploittheouterspace,apointwhichIbelieveiswrong,becausetherearesomanypoorpeopleonEarthwhohardlymakeendsmeet.
有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。
9.从众错误(Bandwagon)
Everyonesaysitisjustifiedtolearnasecondlanguagesowemustlearnone.
人人都说,或者大多数都说,这并不意味着该观点正确。
10.滑坡谬误(Slipperyslope)
Ifwedon'
tcareabouttheenvironment,theworldwilldiein50years.
从环境问题到世界灭亡,中间有无数环节未提供论证。
ExamplesofSlipperySlope
1."
Wehavetostopthetuitionincrease!
Thenextthingyouknow,they'
llbecharging$40,000asemester!
"
2."
TheUSshouldn'
tgetinvolvedmilitarilyinothercountries.Oncethegovernmentsendsinafewtroops,itwillthensendinthousandstodie."
3."
Youcannevergiveanyoneabreak.Ifyoudo,they'
llwalkalloveryou."
4."
We'
vegottostopthemfrombanningpornography.Oncetheystartbanningoneformofliterature,theywillneverstop.Nextthingyouknow,theywillbeburningallthebooks!
11.appealtoemotionYouattemptedtomanipulateanemotionalresponseinplaceofavalidorpellingargument.Appealstoemotionincludeappealstofear,envy,hatred,pity,pride,andmore.It'
simportanttonotethatsometimesalogicallycoherentargumentmayinspireemotionorhaveanemotionalaspect,buttheproblemandfallacyoccurswhenemotionisusedinsteadofalogicalargument,ortoobscurethefactthatnopellingrationalreasonexistsforone'
sposition.Everyone,barsociopaths,isaffectedbyemotion,andsoappealstoemotionareaverymonandeffectiveargumenttactic,butthey'
reultimatelyflawed,dishonest,andtendtomakeone'
sopponentsjustifiablyemotional.Example:
Lukedidn'
twanttoeathissheep'
sbrainswithchoppedliverandbrusselsprouts,buthisfathertoldhimtothinkaboutthepoor,starvingchildreninathirdworldcountrywhoweren'
tfortunateenoughtohaveanyfoodatall.
12.adhominem,personalattack人身攻击Youattackedyouropponent'
scharacterorpersonaltraitsinanattempttounderminetheirargument.Adhominemattackscantaketheformofovertlyattackingsomebody,ormoresubtlycastingdoubtontheircharacterorpersonalattributesasawaytodiscredittheirargument.Theresultofanadhomattackcanbetounderminesomeone'
scasewithoutactuallyhavingtoengagewithit.Example:
AfterSallypresentsaneloquentandpellingcaseforamoreequitabletaxationsystem,Samaskstheaudiencewhetherweshouldbelieveanythingfromawomanwhoisn'
tmarried,wasoncearrested,andsmellsabitweird.
第七条:
诉诸虚伪
13.loadedquestion含沙射影Youaskedaquestionthathadapresumptionbuiltintoitsothatitcouldn'
tbeansweredwithoutappearingguilty.Loadedquestionfallaciesareparticularlyeffectiveatderailingrationaldebatesbecauseoftheirinflammatorynature-therecipientoftheloadedquestionispelledtodefendthemselvesandmayappearflusteredoronthebackfoot.Example:
GraceandHelenwerebothromanticallyinterestedinBrad.Oneday,withBradsittingwithinearshot,GraceaskedinaninquisitivetonewhetherHelenwashavinganyproblemswithadrughabit.
14.appealtoauthority诉诸权威Yousaidthatbecauseanauthoritythinkssomething,itmustthereforebetrue.It'
simportanttonotethatthisfallacyshouldnotbeusedtodismisstheclaimsofexperts,orscientificconsensus.Appealstoauthorityarenotvalidarguments,butnorisitreasonabletodisregardtheclaimsofexpertswhohaveademonstrateddepthofknowledgeunlessonehasasimilarlevelofunderstandingand/oraccesstoempiricalevidence.Howeveritis,entirelypossiblethattheopinionofapersonorinstitutionofauthorityiswrong;
thereforetheauthoritythatsuchapersonorinstitutionholdsdoesnothaveanyintrinsicbearinguponwhethertheirclaimsaretrueornot.Example:
Notabletodefendhispositionthatevolution'
isn'
ttrue'
Bobsaysthatheknowsascientistwhoalsoquestionsevolution(andpresumablyisn'
taprimate).
15窃取论点.beggingthequestionYoupresentedacircularargumentinwhichtheconclusionwasincludedinthepremise.Thislogicallyincoherentargumentoftenarisesinsituationswherepeoplehaveanassumptionthatisveryingrained,andthereforetakenintheirmindsasagiven.Circularreasoningisbadmostlybecauseit'
snotverygood.Example:
ThewordofZorbotheGreatisflawlessandperfect.WeknowthisbecauseitsayssoinTheGreatandInfallibleBookofZorbo'
sBestandMostTruestThingsthatareDefinitelyTrueandShouldNotEverBeQuestioned.
第二部分以下完整版留着资料用。
第一条:
稻草人
1.strawman/strawmanYoumisrepresentedsomeone'
sargumenttomakeiteasiertoattack.Byexaggerating,misrepresenting,orjustpletelyfabricatingsomeone'
sargument,it'
smucheasiertopresentyourownpositionasbeingreasonable,butthiskindofdishonestyservestounderminehonestrationaldebate.Example:
AfterWillsaidthatweshouldputmoremoneyintohealthandeducation,WarrenrespondedbysayingthathewassurprisedthatWillhatesourcountrysomuchthathewantstoleaveitdefencelessbycuttingmilitaryspending.
第二条:
错误归因
2.falsecauseYoupresumedthatarealorperceivedrelationshipbetweenthingsmeansthatoneisthecauseoftheother.Manypeopleconfusecorrelation(thingshappeningtogetherorinsequence)forcausation(thatonethingactuallycausestheothertohappen).Sometimescorrelationiscoincidental,oritmaybeattributabletoamoncause.Example:
Pointingtoafancychart,Rogershowshowtemperatureshavebeenrisingoverthepastfewcenturies,whilstatthesametimethenumbersofpirateshavebeendecreasing;
thuspiratescooltheworldandglobalwarmingisahoax.
第三条:
诉诸感情
3.appealtoemotionYouattemptedtomanipulateanemotionalresponseinplaceofavalidorpellingargument.Appealstoemotionincludeappealstofear,envy,hatred,pity,pride,andmore.It'
第四条:
谬误谬误
4.thefallacyfallacyYoupresumedthatbecauseaclaimhasbeenpoorlyargued,orafallacyhasbeenmade,thattheclaimitselfmustbewrong.Itisentirelypossibletomakeaclaimthatisfalseyetarguewithlogicalcoherencyforthatclaim,justasispossibletomakeaclaimthatistrueandjustifyitwithvariousfallaciesandpoorarguments.Example:
RecognisingthatAmandahadmittedafallacyinarguingthatweshouldeathealthyfoodbecauseanutritionistsaiditwaspopular,Alysesaidweshouldthereforeeatbacondoublecheeseburgerseveryday.
第五条:
滑坡谬误
5.slipperyslopeYousaidthatifweallowAtohappen,thenZwilleventuallyhappentoo,thereforeAshouldnothappen.Theproblemwiththisreasoningisthatitavoidsengagingwiththeissueathand,andinsteadshiftsattentiontoextremehypotheticals.Becausenoproofispresentedtoshowthatsuchextremehypotheticalswillinfactoccur,thisfallacyhastheformofanappealtoemotionfallacybyleveragingfear.Ineffecttheargumentathandisunfairlytaintedbyunsubstantiatedconjecture.Example:
ColinClosetassertsthatifweallowsame-sexcouplestomarry,thenthenextthingweknowwe'
llbeallowingpeopletomarrytheirparents,theircarsandevenmonkeys.
第六条:
人身攻击
6.adhominem,personalattackYouattackedyouropponent'
AfterSallypresentsaneloquentandpellingcaseforamoreequitabletaxationsystem,