二十四谬误中英对照Word文档格式.docx

二十四谬误中英对照Word文档格式.docx

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虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。

2.过度概化（HastyGeneralization） 

McDonald'

sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition,andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideuswithnutritiousfoods. 

两个个例不足以推出一个真理。

3.因果颠倒（PostHoc） 

Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheymittheircrimes;

obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency. 

甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。

4.矛盾前提（ContradictoryPremises） 

IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan'

tcarry?

前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误的。

5.感性论证（AdMisericordiam） 

Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!

Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem?

抒情是不能当作论证的。

6.错误类比（FalseAnalogy） 

Youngchildrenarelikeflowers---flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative. 

点评：

孩子和花朵的区别太大。

成长的过程也太复杂。

最好不要用这两者来类比。

7.虚假假设（HypothesisContrarytoFact） 

IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV. 

因为电视已经被发明了，对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。

8.无关转移（RedHerring） 

Manypeoplesayweneedtoexploittheouterspace,apointwhichIbelieveiswrong,becausetherearesomanypoorpeopleonEarthwhohardlymakeendsmeet. 

有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。

9.从众错误（Bandwagon） 

Everyonesaysitisjustifiedtolearnasecondlanguagesowemustlearnone. 

人人都说，或者大多数都说，这并不意味着该观点正确。

10.滑坡谬误（Slipperyslope） 

Ifwedon'

tcareabouttheenvironment,theworldwilldiein50years. 

从环境问题到世界灭亡，中间有无数环节未提供论证。

ExamplesofSlipperySlope

1."

Wehavetostopthetuitionincrease!

Thenextthingyouknow,they'

llbecharging$40,000asemester!

"

2."

TheUSshouldn'

tgetinvolvedmilitarilyinothercountries.Oncethegovernmentsendsinafewtroops,itwillthensendinthousandstodie."

3."

Youcannevergiveanyoneabreak.Ifyoudo,they'

llwalkalloveryou."

4."

We'

vegottostopthemfrombanningpornography.Oncetheystartbanningoneformofliterature,theywillneverstop.Nextthingyouknow,theywillbeburningallthebooks!

11.appealtoemotionYouattemptedtomanipulateanemotionalresponseinplaceofavalidorpellingargument.Appealstoemotionincludeappealstofear,envy,hatred,pity,pride,andmore.It'

simportanttonotethatsometimesalogicallycoherentargumentmayinspireemotionorhaveanemotionalaspect,buttheproblemandfallacyoccurswhenemotionisusedinsteadofalogicalargument,ortoobscurethefactthatnopellingrationalreasonexistsforone'

sposition.Everyone,barsociopaths,isaffectedbyemotion,andsoappealstoemotionareaverymonandeffectiveargumenttactic,butthey'

reultimatelyflawed,dishonest,andtendtomakeone'

sopponentsjustifiablyemotional.Example:

Lukedidn'

twanttoeathissheep'

sbrainswithchoppedliverandbrusselsprouts,buthisfathertoldhimtothinkaboutthepoor,starvingchildreninathirdworldcountrywhoweren'

tfortunateenoughtohaveanyfoodatall.

12.adhominem,personalattack人身攻击Youattackedyouropponent'

scharacterorpersonaltraitsinanattempttounderminetheirargument.Adhominemattackscantaketheformofovertlyattackingsomebody,ormoresubtlycastingdoubtontheircharacterorpersonalattributesasawaytodiscredittheirargument.Theresultofanadhomattackcanbetounderminesomeone'

scasewithoutactuallyhavingtoengagewithit.Example:

AfterSallypresentsaneloquentandpellingcaseforamoreequitabletaxationsystem,Samaskstheaudiencewhetherweshouldbelieveanythingfromawomanwhoisn'

tmarried,wasoncearrested,andsmellsabitweird.

第七条：

诉诸虚伪

13.loadedquestion含沙射影Youaskedaquestionthathadapresumptionbuiltintoitsothatitcouldn'

tbeansweredwithoutappearingguilty.Loadedquestionfallaciesareparticularlyeffectiveatderailingrationaldebatesbecauseoftheirinflammatorynature-therecipientoftheloadedquestionispelledtodefendthemselvesandmayappearflusteredoronthebackfoot.Example:

GraceandHelenwerebothromanticallyinterestedinBrad.Oneday,withBradsittingwithinearshot,GraceaskedinaninquisitivetonewhetherHelenwashavinganyproblemswithadrughabit.

14.appealtoauthority诉诸权威Yousaidthatbecauseanauthoritythinkssomething,itmustthereforebetrue.It'

simportanttonotethatthisfallacyshouldnotbeusedtodismisstheclaimsofexperts,orscientificconsensus.Appealstoauthorityarenotvalidarguments,butnorisitreasonabletodisregardtheclaimsofexpertswhohaveademonstrateddepthofknowledgeunlessonehasasimilarlevelofunderstandingand/oraccesstoempiricalevidence.Howeveritis,entirelypossiblethattheopinionofapersonorinstitutionofauthorityiswrong;

thereforetheauthoritythatsuchapersonorinstitutionholdsdoesnothaveanyintrinsicbearinguponwhethertheirclaimsaretrueornot.Example:

Notabletodefendhispositionthatevolution'

isn'

ttrue'

Bobsaysthatheknowsascientistwhoalsoquestionsevolution（andpresumablyisn'

taprimate）.

15窃取论点.beggingthequestionYoupresentedacircularargumentinwhichtheconclusionwasincludedinthepremise.Thislogicallyincoherentargumentoftenarisesinsituationswherepeoplehaveanassumptionthatisveryingrained,andthereforetakenintheirmindsasagiven.Circularreasoningisbadmostlybecauseit'

snotverygood.Example:

ThewordofZorbotheGreatisflawlessandperfect.WeknowthisbecauseitsayssoinTheGreatandInfallibleBookofZorbo'

sBestandMostTruestThingsthatareDefinitelyTrueandShouldNotEverBeQuestioned.

第二部分以下完整版留着资料用。

第一条：

稻草人

1.strawman/strawmanYoumisrepresentedsomeone'

sargumenttomakeiteasiertoattack.Byexaggerating,misrepresenting,orjustpletelyfabricatingsomeone'

sargument,it'

smucheasiertopresentyourownpositionasbeingreasonable,butthiskindofdishonestyservestounderminehonestrationaldebate.Example:

AfterWillsaidthatweshouldputmoremoneyintohealthandeducation,WarrenrespondedbysayingthathewassurprisedthatWillhatesourcountrysomuchthathewantstoleaveitdefencelessbycuttingmilitaryspending.

第二条：

错误归因

2.falsecauseYoupresumedthatarealorperceivedrelationshipbetweenthingsmeansthatoneisthecauseoftheother.Manypeopleconfusecorrelation（thingshappeningtogetherorinsequence）forcausation（thatonethingactuallycausestheothertohappen）.Sometimescorrelationiscoincidental,oritmaybeattributabletoamoncause.Example:

Pointingtoafancychart,Rogershowshowtemperatureshavebeenrisingoverthepastfewcenturies,whilstatthesametimethenumbersofpirateshavebeendecreasing;

thuspiratescooltheworldandglobalwarmingisahoax.

第三条：

诉诸感情

3.appealtoemotionYouattemptedtomanipulateanemotionalresponseinplaceofavalidorpellingargument.Appealstoemotionincludeappealstofear,envy,hatred,pity,pride,andmore.It'

第四条：

谬误谬误

4.thefallacyfallacyYoupresumedthatbecauseaclaimhasbeenpoorlyargued,orafallacyhasbeenmade,thattheclaimitselfmustbewrong.Itisentirelypossibletomakeaclaimthatisfalseyetarguewithlogicalcoherencyforthatclaim,justasispossibletomakeaclaimthatistrueandjustifyitwithvariousfallaciesandpoorarguments.Example:

RecognisingthatAmandahadmittedafallacyinarguingthatweshouldeathealthyfoodbecauseanutritionistsaiditwaspopular,Alysesaidweshouldthereforeeatbacondoublecheeseburgerseveryday.

第五条：

滑坡谬误

5.slipperyslopeYousaidthatifweallowAtohappen,thenZwilleventuallyhappentoo,thereforeAshouldnothappen.Theproblemwiththisreasoningisthatitavoidsengagingwiththeissueathand,andinsteadshiftsattentiontoextremehypotheticals.Becausenoproofispresentedtoshowthatsuchextremehypotheticalswillinfactoccur,thisfallacyhastheformofanappealtoemotionfallacybyleveragingfear.Ineffecttheargumentathandisunfairlytaintedbyunsubstantiatedconjecture.Example:

ColinClosetassertsthatifweallowsame-sexcouplestomarry,thenthenextthingweknowwe'

llbeallowingpeopletomarrytheirparents,theircarsandevenmonkeys.

第六条：

人身攻击

6.adhominem,personalattackYouattackedyouropponent'

AfterSallypresentsaneloquentandpellingcaseforamoreequitabletaxationsystem,