1I word教案Word下载.docx

1I word教案Word下载.docx

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ItisgenerallyagreedthatGothicarchitecturemadeitsinitialappearance（c.1140）intheÎ

le-de-France,theroyaldomainoftheCapetiankings.However,theinceptionofthestyleowesmuchtoseveralgenerationsofpriorexperimentation,particularlyinNormandy（seeNormanarchitecture）.AlthoughindividualcomponentsinGothicarchitecture,suchasribbedvaultingandthepointedarch,hadbeenemployedinRomanesqueconstruction,theyhadnotpreviouslyreceivedsuchapurposefulandconsistentapplication.WhilethestructuralvalueoftheGothicribhasbeencontested,itsformalsignificancecannotbeoverestimated.Itservedabovealltodelineatethevaultswithaskeletalwebthatgavetotheentirestructureanarticulationofimpressiveclarity.

UnlikeRomanesquearchitecture,withitsstressonheavymassesandclearlydelimitedareas,Gothicconstruction,particularlyinitslaterphase,ischaracterizedbylightnessandsoaringspaces.TheoveralleffectoftheGothiccathedralcombinedthislightnesswithaninnumerablesubdivisionandmultiplicityofforms.Theintroduction（c.1180）ofasystemofflyingbuttresses（seebuttress）madepossiblethereductionofwallsurfacesbyrelievingthemofpartoftheirstructuralfunction.Greatwindowscouldbesetintowalls,admittinglightthroughvastexpansesofstainedglass.WallsurfacesofHighGothicchurchesthushavetheappearanceoftransparentandweightlesscurtains.ThespiritualandmysteriousqualityoflightisanimportantelementofthereligioussymbolismofGothiccathedrals.

InplantheHighGothiccathedralremainedfaithfultothetraditionalbasilicanform.Itconsistedofacentralnaveflankedbyaisles,withorwithouttransept,andwasterminatedbyachoirsurroundedbyanambulatorywithchapels.Theseelements,however,werenolongertreatedassingleunitsbutwereformallyintegratedwithinaunifiedspatialscheme.Theexteriorviewwasfrequentlydominatedbytwintowers.Thefacadewaspiercedbyentranceportalsoftenlavishlydecoratedwithsculpture,andatahigherlevelappearedacentralstainedglassrosewindow.Additionaltowersfrequentlyroseabovethecrossingandthearmsofthetransept,whichoftenhadentranceportalsandsculptureoftheirown.Aroundtheupperpartoftheedificewasaprofusionofflyingbuttressesandpinnacles.

IV.Warming-up

1. 

Whatisabazaar?

CanyounamesomeoftheMiddleEasterncountriesinwhichsuchbazaarsarelikelytobefound?

2. 

Nameallthemarketsinthebazaar.Whatkindofeconomydoyouthinktheyrepresent?

Givefactstosupportyourview.

3. 

Whatscenedoyoufindmostpicturesqueinthebazaar?

Why?

V.DetailedStudyoftheText

1.TheMiddleEasternbazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-ofyears:

Thebazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-ofyearsbecauseitwaspossiblybuiltcenturiesago,thearchitecturewasancient,thebricksandstoneswereagedandtheeconomywasahandicrafteconomywhichnolongerexistedinthewest.

2.TheoneIamthinkingofparticularlyisentered….

isentered…:

Thepresenttenseusedhereiscalled“historicalpresent”.Itisusedforvividness.

aged:

havingexistedlong;

veryold.DetailedStudy

veryold.

3.Youpassfromtheheatandglareofabigopensquareintoacool,darkcavern..:

“Theheat”iscontrastedwith“cool”,“glare”with“dark”,and“opensquare”with“cavern”.

Glare:

strong,fierce,unpleasantlight,notsoagreeableandwelcomeas“brightsunlight”

“Cavern”heredoesnotreallymeanacaveoranundergroundchamber.Fromthetextwecanseeitisalong,narrow,darkstreetofworkshopsandshopswithsomesortofaroofoverthem.

4.Infrontofthegatewaythereisabig,opensquare.Itishotthereandthebrightnessofthesunlightismostdisagreeable.Butwhenyouenterthegateway,youcometoalong,narrow,darkstreetwithsomesortofaroofoverifanditiscoolinside

5.Whichextendsasfarasfarastheeyecansee,losingitselfintheshadowydistance:

Theword“eye”isusedinthesingularnottomeantheconcreteorganofsightbutsomethingabstract.Hereitmeansman’spowerofseeing.

Shadowysuggestsshiftingilluminationandindistinctvision

Theplaceisdark,sowhenthestreetislong,objectsinthedistancebecomeunclearandindistinct.

6.Littledonkeys...enteringandleavingthebazaar:

threadtheirway:

Thedonkeyswentinandoutamongthepeopleandfromonesidetoanother.

Thewords“entering”and“leaving”gowiththeword“throngs”whichdiffersfrom“crowdsinthatiscarriesastrongerimplicationofmovementandofpushingandawearerimplicationofdensity.

7.Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide,butitisnarrowedeveryfewyardsbylittlestallswheregoodsofeveryconceivablekindaresold:

Ican’tconceivewhyyouallowedthechildtotravelalone.

Iconceivedthattheremustbesomedifficulties.

8.Thedin…andmakesyoudizzy:

Din:

loud,confusednoisethatcontinues,

Thenoun“din”isfollowedbythree“of”phrases,

wares:

ratherliterarymeaningarticlesforsale,usu.Notinashop.e.g.

Thebakertraveledroundthetownsellinghiswares,silver-ware,iron-ware,hard-wareadvertiseone’swares

clearaway:

toremovefrom（asaspace）allthatoccupyorencumber,orthatimpedesorrestrictsuse,passageoraction

would-be:

likely,possible

Theloud,confusednoiseof…continueswithoutinterruptionandmakesyoufeelmentallyconfused.

Explanationtothe1stparagraph

Thebazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-ofyearsbecauseitwaspossiblybuiltcenturiesage,thearchitecturewasancient,thebricksandstoneswereaged,Infrontofthegatewaythereisabig,opensquare.Itishotthereandthebrightnessofthesunlightismostdisagreeable.Butwhenyouenterthegateway,youcometoalongnarrow,darkstreetwithsomesortofaroofoverit,anditiscoolinside.Theplaceisdark,sowhenthestreetislongobjectsinthedistancebecomeunclearandindistinct.Thedonkeyswentinandoutamongthepeopleandfromonesidetoanother.Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide.Thesmallshopsliningthestreettrytoexpandtheirshopspacebyencroachingonthestreet,sothestreetbecomesnarroweveryfewyards,goodsofeverykindyoucanthinkofaresold,stall-holderscrytheirwaresdonkey-boysandportersremove…Possiblepurchasersargueandbargainforthewaresalltheloud,confusednoisecontinueswithoutinterruptionandmakesyoufeelmentallyconfused.

TheSecondParagraph

9.Thenasyoupenetrate…mutedcloth-market:

penetrate:

topierceorpassintoorthrough.Thewordpenetrateisusedheretoindicatethatyouhavetopassthroughabigcrowdinordertogodeeperintothemarket.

Fadeaway:

goslowlyoutofhearing,graduallydisappear

themutedcloth–market;

itismutedbecausetheearthenfloordeadensthesoundoffootstepsandpeopleinthemarketspeakinlow,softtones.

10.Theearthenfloor…anysoundstoecho:

earthen:

madeofearth,e.g.anearthenjar,earthenware

beatenhardbycountlessfeet:

flattenedbytreading;

whichbecomesflatandhardbecauseitismuchtraveled

deaden:

tolessenordullthesoundof（footsteps）

thevaultedmud-brickwallsandroof:

Moslemstyleofarchitecture

11.Theshopkeeperspeakinslow…followsuit:

measured;

steady,slowanddeliberate;

rhythmical

sepulchral:

sepulchre/’seplkз/n,tombespeciallyonecutinrockorbuiltofstone

sepulchral:

ofasepulcher;

ofburialdeepandgloomysuggestiveofburial:

~looks　a~voice

followsuit:

todothesameassomeoneelsehasdone

Thebuyersovercomebythegrave-likeatmosphere,alsospeakinslowmeasuredtones.

12.Knit,knitstockingsoutofwoolknitwoolintostockings

13.Oneofthepeculiarities…persecution.

peculiarity:

characteristics

collect:

cometogether;

gather;

e.g.water（dust）collects

knit:

unitefirmlyandclosely

knitstockingsoutofwool;

knitwoolintostockings

Thetwofamiliesareknittogetherbycommoninterests

aclosely~argument

guild:

societyofpersonsforhelpingoneanother,forwardingcommoninterests

Shopkeepersdealinginthesamekindofgoodsusuallyscatterthemselvesoverthebazaarsoastoavoidcompetition.（Itwouldbemoredifficultforcustomerstocomparegoodsandprice）ButintheMiddleEasternBazaartheycometogetherinthesameareainordertoformaclosely-knitguildagainstinjusticeorpersecution（comingfrom,perhaps,thetaxcollectorsandgovernmentofficials）.

14.eachopen-frontedshop….forstorage:

open-frontedshop;

thegoodsaredisplayedatthefrontoftheshop,withoutanywindowordoorwayblockingtheview

15.Bargainingistheorderoftheday:

bargainingisthenormalwayofdoingthings（the）orderoftheday:

thatwhichisofthegreatestgeneralinterestataparticu