微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细Word格式.docx

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细Word格式.docx

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Inflation[ɪn'

fleɪʃ（ə）n]

anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

marginalchanges

smallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofaction

marketeconomy

aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized权力分散;

人口疏散;

密度分散;

decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices

marketfailure

asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配，分派;

把…拨给;

英[ˈæ

ləkeɪt]resourcesefficiently

marketpower

theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orsmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices

opportunitycost

whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

productivity

thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput

propertyrights

theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources

rationalpeople

peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives

scarcity

thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources

Chapter2

circular-flowdiagram

avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;

家庭，户andfirms

macroeconomics[,mæ

krəʊiːkə'

nɒmɪks;

-ek-]

thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

microeconomics[,maɪkrəʊiːkə'

nɒmɪks

thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets

normative['

nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements

claimsthatattempttoprescribe定，规定;

指定，规定;

美[prɪˈskraɪb]howtheworldshouldbe

positivestatements

claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

productionpossibilitiesfrontier['

frʌntɪə）

agraphthatshowsthebinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology

Chapter3

absoluteadvantage

theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer

parativeadvantage

theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer

exports

goodsproduceddomestically美[də'

mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的andsoldabroad

imports

goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

Chapter4

petitivemarket完全竞争市场

amarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['

selə]tradingidentical同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl]productssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker

plements互补品['

kɑmpləmənt]

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother

demandcurve需求曲线

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

demandschedule需求表

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

Equilibrium[,ikwɪ'

lɪbrɪəm]

均衡

asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded

equilibriumprice均衡价格

thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded

equilibriumquantity

thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice

inferiorgood

劣质品[ɪn'

fɪərɪə]

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinineleadstoadecreaseindemand

lawofdemand

需求原理

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupply

供给原理

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupplyanddemand

theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance

market

agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice

normalgood

普通商品

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinineleadstoanincreaseindemand

quantitydemanded需求量

theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase

quantitysupplied

theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell

shortage

asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied

substitutes

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother

supplycurve

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

supplyschedule

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

surplus['

sɜ:

pləs]

asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded

Chapter5

cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,putedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood

elasticity[,ilæ

'

stɪsəti]

n.

弹性;

弹力;

灵活性;

伸缩性;

ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants

ineelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’ine,putedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinine

priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,putedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,putedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

totalrevenue（inamarket）总收入;

总收益

theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,putedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold

Chapter6

priceceiling['

siːlɪŋ]

alegalmaximum['

mæ

ksɪməm]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

pricefloor

alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

taxincidence['

ɪnsɪd（ə）ns]

themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket

Chapter7

consumer[kən'

sjuːmə]surplus

['

sɜːpləs]消费者剩余

theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['

maɪnəs]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit

cost

thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood

efficiency

equality

producersurplus

theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit

welfareeconomics

thestudyofhowtheallocation美[ˌæ

ləˈkeɪʃn]分配，配给ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being

willingnesstopay受益者负担

themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood

Chapter8

Deadweightloss无谓损失又为社会净损失

thefallintotalsurplus过剩的;

多余的[ˈsɜ:

rpləs]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion变形;

失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən],suchasatax

Chapter9

tariff

关税;

关税表;

价格表

ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

worldprice

thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood

Chapter10

Coasetheorem['

θɪərəm]科斯定理

thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirown

correctivetax矫正税

ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality

externality[,ekstɜː'

lɪtɪ]

外形;

外在性;

外部事物;

（经济学名词）外部效应

theunpensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander

internalizingtheexternality内化

alteringincentives[ɪn'

sɛntɪv]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions

transaction[træ

n'

zæ

kʃən]交易costs

thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain

Chapter11

clubgoods

goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption

monresources

goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;

包括在外的;

∙cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析

astudythatparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood

excludability[ɪks,kluːdə'

bɪlətɪ]排他性

thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit

freerider[释义]坐享其成，无本获利;

apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit

privategoods

goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption

publicgoods

goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption

rivalryinconsumption消费竞争

thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse

Tragedyofthemons 

公共地悲剧

aparable寓言;

格言;

thatillustrateswhymonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole

Chapter12

ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;

theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden

averagetaxrate

totaltaxespaiddividedbytotaline

benefitsprinciple

theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitsthey