安布闭壳龟Word下载.docx

安布闭壳龟Word下载.docx

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英文名称：

MalayanBoxTurtle　　

动物学分类：

龟鳖目>

潜颈龟亚目>

龟科>

闭壳龟属>

安布闭壳龟　　

别名：

驼背龟，越南龟，马来闭壳龟

特征

是婆罗洲所有龟类中唯一一种有进化完全的腹甲铰链结构，在头部和四肢收缩后，它可使甲壳完全闭合，这种龟不可能和其他品种混淆。

它的背甲光滑，且高高隆起呈半球形，在成体背甲的中央有一条脊棱，但幼体的背甲两侧可能会呈现出两条额外的脊棱。

背甲是橄榄色的，褐色或几乎是黑色，腹甲为黄色或米色，有一块黑色的大斑点。

面部有黄色的纵向条纹。

成年雄性的腹甲有些凹陷，而成年雌性的腹甲平坦。

它栖息在静止的或缓慢流动的水体中，包括河流、湖泊、沼泽、红树林湿地，还有农田。

和几乎不水栖的成体相比，幼体更倾向于水栖。

分布：

云南省的滇西、滇南热带地区、广东、广西均有分布

Description

TheSouthAsianboxturtlegetsitsnamefromtheabilitytoboxitselfupcompletelywithinitsshell.Thisisduetothehingedlowershell,which,likeotherboxturtles,canbefoldedupwhentheheadiswithdrawn,securelyprotectingtheanimalfromanypredators（4）.Itcangrowtoover20centimetresinlengthwhichmakesitthelargestoftheAsianboxturtles,whichallbelongtothegenusCuora（5）.Thehighlydomeduppershell,orcarapace,isdarkoliveorblack,whilstthelowershell,orplastron,isyellowtolightbrown,withlargedark-brownorblackpatchestowardtheoutsideofeachscute

（2）.Thesmallishheadisolivetodarkbrownontop,yellowtooliveunderneath,withthreedistinctiveblackstripesrunningalongthesideofthehead,fromthenostrilstotheneck.Ithasaprotrudingsnoutandslightlyhookedupperjaw

（2）（4）.Thelimbsareolivetoblackandlargescalescoverthefrontoftheforelimbs.Malescanbedistinguishedfromfemalesbytheirlonger,thickertails,andtheirslightlysmallersize

（2）.

Range

TherearefourknownsubspeciesoftheSouthAsianboxturtle;

CuoraamboinensisamboinensiscanbefoundinIndonesiaandthePhilippines,C.a.kamaromaoccursineasternIndia,theAndamanIslands,Bangladesh,MalaysiaandBorneo,C.a.courolivesontheIndonesianislandsofJavaandSumatra,Thailand,Singapore,southernMyanmar,ChinaandCambodia,andC.a.lineataoccursinnorth-easternMyanmar（5）.

Habitat

Mainlyinhabitswarmaquaticenvironments,suchasmarshes,swamps,ponds,poolsinstreamsandfloodedricepaddies.Ittendstobefoundinwaterwithsoftbottomsandverylittlecurrent,butasasemi-aquaticturtletheyarealsocapableofmovingrapidlyonland,andcanbefoundquitefarfromwater

（2）（6）.

Biology

TheSouthAsiankeeledboxturtleisprimarilynocturnalandspendsmostofitsdayhidingunderpilesofleaflitteralongbanksofstreams（5）.Itfeedsonawidevarietyoffoods,mainlyaquaticplants,butalsomolluscsandcrustaceans,andfallenfruits,fungiandsoftinvertebrates,suchaswormsandslugs,whenonland（6）.Turtlesplayacentralroleintheirecosystemfoodchain,throughpredation,andaspreyforotherforestanimals

（2）（5）.

Theyhavebeenobservedperforminginterestingcourtshipbehaviour,wherebythemaleandfemalefaceeachother,andwithoutstretchedneckstheymovetheirheadsintheshapeofaninfinitysymbol

（2）.However,themalehasalsobeenobservedbeingveryaggressiveduringcourtship,chasingthefemaleandbitingherontheneck

（2）.Sometimesmalesattempttomatewitheachother,whichresultsinviolentfights（6）.ThenestingseasonsareinJanuarytoFebruary,andApril,duringwhichtimearoundtwotothreebrittle,whiteeggsarelaid.After67to77daysofincubation,tinyhatchlingsappear,onlyupto5centimetreslong,andcontrarytoadultswhichspendasmuchtimeonlandastheydointhewater,juvenilesareentirelyaquatic

（2）（4）（5）.InmanyCuoraspecies,thesurvivalrateofhatchlingsisreportedtobeverylow,ashatchlings,aswellaseggs,areanimportantfoodsourceformonitorlizards,heronsandsomesmallmammals（5）.Thisislikelytocontributetothelowreproductiverateofboxturtles.Theyreachsexualmaturityafterfourtofiveyearsandhavealifeexpectancyofbetween25and30years（5）.

Threats

Themainthreattothisspecies,likeotherboxturtles,isover-collectionforthefoodandpettrade.Thenationalandinternationaltradeinthisspeciesismassive,forexample,in1991,200,000SouthAsianboxturtleswereexportedfromSulawesialone,andhundredsofthousandshavebeenimportedintoHongKongandChinaoverthelastdecade.Boxturtlesareparticularlysusceptibletooverexploitationduetotheirlowreproductiverate,whichmeanstheycannotbreedfastenoughtoreplacethosebeingtaken.Exportsforthepettradearenotasgreatasthoseforfoodmarkets,butstillthousandshavebeenexportedtoWesterncountries,mostofthemoriginatingfromIndonesia.Aswellasforhumanconsumptionandthepettrade,thisspeciesisusedfordecorativeornaments,andasaningredientintraditionalChinesemedicine（5）.Forexample,theyareoftenreleasedintopondsatBuddhisttemples,particularlyinMalaysia（6）,andtheirheadsandshellsarefrequentlysoldasatonicafterchildbirth（5）.ThisunsustainableexploitationhasheavilyimpactedonpopulationsoftheSouthAsianboxturtle,andnumbersaredeclininginthePhilippines,VietnamandThailand,andarethoughttobevergingonextinctioninLaoPDR.Numbersarealsolikelytobedecreasinginotherpartsofitsrange,butthereisalackofpopulationstatusandtrenddata（5）.

SouthAsianboxturtlesareadditionallythreatenedbyhabitatlossanddegradation,throughextensivedeforestationovermuchofitsrange,andhumanrelocationprogrammesinIndonesia.About61%oftheIndonesianhumanpopulationwasmovedfromJavatoSumatra,andpeoplehavealsobeenrelocatedtoSulawesi.Thisincreaseinhumanpopulations,andassociatedinfrastructureanddevelopment,islikelytohavedecreasedtheamountofhabitatavailablefortheturtle（5）.

Conservation

Duetotheunsustainabletradeinthisspecies,theSouthAsianboxturtlewaslistedin2000onAppendixIIoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies（CITES）,andthustradeshouldnowbestrictlycontrolledandmonitored（3）.However,illegaltradestillposesasignificantproblem,forexample,HongKongdocumentedanillegalimportin2003ofover10,000specimens（7）.Itisalsolikelytooccurinanumberofprotectedareasthroughoutitslargerange,butatpresenttherearenoknownspecificconservationmeasuresinplaceforthisturtle.Hopefullythedevastatingtradeinboxturtlescanbecontrolledbeforenumbersofthisfascinatingreptiledeclineanyfurther.

ViewinformationonthisspeciesattheUNEPWorldConservationMonitoringCentre.

Findoutmore

ForfurtherinformationontheconservationofAsianturtlessee:

∙AsianTurtleConservationNetwork:

www.asianturtlenetwork.org

Authentication

Thisinformationisawaitingauthenticationbyaspeciesexpert,andwillbeupdatedassoonaspossible.Ifyouareabletohelppleasecontact:

arkive@wildscreen.org.uk

Glossary

∙Crustaceans:

diversegroupofarthropods（aphylumofanimalswithjointedlimbsandahardchitinousexoskeleton）characterisedbythepossessionoftwopairsofantennae,onepairofmandibles（partsofthemouthpartsusedforhandlingandprocessingfood）andtwopairsofmaxillae（appendagesusedineating,whicharelocatedbehindthemandibles）.Includescrabs,lobsters,shrimps,slaters,woodliceandbarnacles.

∙Incubation:

theactofincubatingeggs,thatis,keepingthemwarmsothatdevelopmentispossible.

∙Invertebrates:

animalswithnobackbone.

∙Molluscs:

adiversegroupofinvertebrates,mainlymarine,thathaveoneorallofthefollowing;

ahorny,toothedribboninthemouth（theradula）,ashellcoveringtheuppersurfaceofthebody,andamantleormantlecavitywithatypeofgill.Includessnails,slugs,shellfish,octopusesandsquid.

∙Nocturnal:

activeatnight.

∙Scute:

alarge,bonyplateorscaleontheupperorlowershellofaturtle.

∙Subspecies:

apopulationusuallyrestrictedtoageographicalareathatdiffersfromotherpopulationsofthesamespecies,butnottotheextentofbeingclassifiedasaseparatespecies.

References

1.IUCNRedList（September,2008）

http:

//www.iucnredlist.org

2.Ernst,C.H.,Altenburg,R.G.M.andBarbour,R.W.（1997）TurtlesoftheWorld.ETIInformationSystemsLtd,Netherlands.Availableat:

//ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/turtles.php

3.CITES（September,2008）

//www.cites.org

4.AsianTurtleConservationNetwork（May,2007）

//www.asianturtlenetwork.org/field_guide/Cuora_amboinensis.htm

5.CITESProposalsforAmendmentsofAppendicesIandII（April,2000）

//www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/36.pdf

6.Bonin,F.（2006）TurtlesoftheWorld.AandCBlack,London.

7.CITESConservationofandTradeinTortoisesandFreshwaterTurtles（October,2004）

//www.cites.org/eng/cop/13/doc/E13-33.pdf

Cuoraamboinensis,theMalaysianboxturtle,isamemberofGeoemydidaewithinCryptodira.TherearesixextantspeciesinthegenusCuora,andthethreespeciesofCistoclemmyswereformerlyconsideredpartofthisgenusaswell（Boninetal.,2006）.ThephylogeneticpositionofGeoemydidaehasbeendebated（e.g.,McDowell,1964;

Hirayama,1984;

GaffneyandMeylan,1988;

Spinksetal.,2004）,andthecladeiscurrentlyconsideredtobethesister-grouptoEmydidaewithinTestudinoidea（Joyce,2007）.GeoemydidaeoriginatedintheTertiary,andisthereforearelativelyyoungturtleclade（ErnstandBarbour,1989;

Boninetal.,2006）.

Cuoraamboinensishasasmall,shortskull.Thereisaplastralhingebetweenthehyoplastronandhypoplastronthatallowstheanimaltocompletelycloseitsshell,andtheplastronisconnectedtothecarapacebyaligament（ErnstandBarbour,1989）.Thecarapaceisarched,andmayreachupto20cminlength.Thedigitsarepartiallywebbed.Cuoraamboinensisrangesincolorfromdarkgreentoblackdorsall