安布闭壳龟Word下载.docx

1、英文名称：Malayan Box Turtle 动物学分类：龟鳖目潜颈龟亚目龟科闭壳龟属安布闭壳龟 别名：驼背龟，越南龟，马来闭壳龟特征是婆罗洲所有龟类中唯一一种有进化完全的腹甲铰链结构，在头部和四肢收缩后，它可使甲壳完全闭合，这种龟不可能和其他品种混淆。它的背甲光滑，且高高隆起呈半球形，在成体背甲的中央有一条脊棱，但幼体的背甲两侧可能会呈现出两条额外的脊棱。背甲是橄榄色的，褐色或几乎是黑色，腹甲为黄色或米色，有一块黑色的大斑点。面部有黄色的纵向条纹。成年雄性的腹甲有些凹陷，而成年雌性的腹甲平坦。它栖息在静止的或缓慢流动的水体中，包括河流、湖泊、沼泽、红树林湿地，还有农田。和几乎不水栖的成体相

2、比，幼体更倾向于水栖。分布：云南省的滇西、滇南热带地区、广东、广西均有分布DescriptionThe South Asian box turtle gets its name from the ability to box itself up completely within its shell. This is due to the hinged lower shell, which, like other box turtles, can be folded up when the head is withdrawn, securely protecting the animal fr

3、om any predators （4）. It can grow to over 20 centimetres in length which makes it the largest of the Asian box turtles, which all belong to the genus Cuora （5）. The highly domed upper shell, or carapace, is dark olive or black, whilst the lower shell, or plastron, is yellow to light brown, with larg

4、e dark-brown or black patches toward the outside of each scute （2）. The smallish head is olive to dark brown on top, yellow to olive underneath, with three distinctive black stripes running along the side of the head, from the nostrils to the neck. It has a protruding snout and slightly hooked upper

5、 jaw （2） （4）. The limbs are olive to black and large scales cover the front of the forelimbs. Males can be distinguished from females by their longer, thicker tails, and their slightly smaller size （2）.RangeThere are four known subspecies of the South Asian box turtle; Cuora amboinensis amboinensis

6、can be found in Indonesia and the Philippines, C. a. kamaroma occurs in eastern India, the Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Borneo, C. a. couro lives on the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra, Thailand, Singapore, southern Myanmar, China and Cambodia, and C. a. lineata occurs in north-e

7、astern Myanmar （5）.HabitatMainly inhabits warm aquatic environments, such as marshes, swamps, ponds, pools in streams and flooded rice paddies. It tends to be found in water with soft bottoms and very little current, but as a semi-aquatic turtle they are also capable of moving rapidly on land, and c

8、an be found quite far from water （2） （6）.BiologyThe South Asian keeled box turtle is primarily nocturnal and spends most of its day hiding under piles of leaf litter along banks of streams （5）. It feeds on a wide variety of foods, mainly aquatic plants, but also molluscs and crustaceans, and fallen

9、fruits, fungi and soft invertebrates, such as worms and slugs, when on land （6）. Turtles play a central role in their ecosystem food chain, through predation, and as prey for other forest animals （2） （5）.They have been observed performing interesting courtship behaviour, whereby the male and female

10、face each other, and with outstretched necks they move their heads in the shape of an infinity symbol （2）. However, the male has also been observed being very aggressive during courtship, chasing the female and biting her on the neck （2）. Sometimes males attempt to mate with each other, which result

11、s in violent fights （6）. The nesting seasons are in January to February, and April, during which time around two to three brittle, white eggs are laid. After 67 to 77 days of incubation, tiny hatchlings appear, only up to 5 centimetres long, and contrary to adults which spend as much time on land as

12、 they do in the water, juveniles are entirely aquatic （2） （4） （5）. In many Cuora species, the survival rate of hatchlings is reported to be very low, as hatchlings, as well as eggs, are an important food source for monitor lizards, herons and some small mammals （5）. This is likely to contribute to t

13、he low reproductive rate of box turtles. They reach sexual maturity after four to five years and have a life expectancy of between 25 and 30 years （5）.ThreatsThe main threat to this species, like other box turtles, is over-collection for the food and pet trade. The national and international trade i

14、n this species is massive, for example, in 1991, 200,000 South Asian box turtles were exported from Sulawesi alone, and hundreds of thousands have been imported into Hong Kong and China over the last decade. Box turtles are particularly susceptible to overexploitation due to their low reproductive r

15、ate, which means they cannot breed fast enough to replace those being taken. Exports for the pet trade are not as great as those for food markets, but still thousands have been exported to Western countries, most of them originating from Indonesia. As well as for human consumption and the pet trade,

16、 this species is used for decorative ornaments, and as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine （5）. For example, they are often released into ponds at Buddhist temples, particularly in Malaysia （6）, and their heads and shells are frequently sold as a tonic after childbirth （5）. This unsustaina

17、ble exploitation has heavily impacted on populations of the South Asian box turtle, and numbers are declining in the Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand, and are thought to be verging on extinction in Lao PDR. Numbers are also likely to be decreasing in other parts of its range, but there is a lack of

18、 population status and trend data （5）.South Asian box turtles are additionally threatened by habitat loss and degradation, through extensive deforestation over much of its range, and human relocation programmes in Indonesia. About 61% of the Indonesian human population was moved from Java to Sumatra

19、, and people have also been relocated to Sulawesi. This increase in human populations, and associated infrastructure and development, is likely to have decreased the amount of habitat available for the turtle （5）.ConservationDue to the unsustainable trade in this species, the South Asian box turtle

20、was listed in 2000 on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species （CITES）, and thus trade should now be strictly controlled and monitored （3）. However, illegal trade still poses a significant problem, for example, Hong Kong documented an illegal import in 2003 of over

21、10, 000 specimens （7）. It is also likely to occur in a number of protected areas throughout its large range, but at present there are no known specific conservation measures in place for this turtle. Hopefully the devastating trade in box turtles can be controlled before numbers of this fascinating

22、reptile decline any further.View information on this species at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Find out moreFor further information on the conservation of Asian turtles see: Asian Turtle Conservation Network: www.asianturtlenetwork.orgAuthenticationThis information is awaiting authen

23、tication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:arkivewildscreen.org.ukGlossary Crustaceans: diverse group of arthropods （a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton） characterised by the possession of two pair

24、s of antennae, one pair of mandibles （parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food） and two pairs of maxillae （appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles）. Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, slaters, woodlice and barnacles. Incubation: the act of incubating eg

25、gs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible. Invertebrates: animals with no backbone. Molluscs: a diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth （the radula）, a shell covering the upper surface of the body

26、, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. Includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid. Nocturnal: active at night. Scute: a large, bony plate or scale on the upper or lower shell of a turtle. Subspecies: a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from o

27、ther populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.References1. IUCN Red List （September, 2008） http:/www.iucnredlist.org2. Ernst, C.H., Altenburg, R.G.M. and Barbour, R.W. （1997） Turtles of the World. ETI Information Systems Ltd, Netherlands. Avail

28、able at:/ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/turtles.php3. CITES （September, 2008） /www.cites.org4. Asian Turtle Conservation Network （May, 2007） /www.asianturtlenetwork.org/field_guide/Cuora_amboinensis.htm5. CITES Proposals for Amendments of Appendices I and II （April, 2000） /www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/36.pdf6

29、. Bonin, F. （2006） Turtles of the World. A and C Black, London.7. CITES Conservation of and Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles （October, 2004） /www.cites.org/eng/cop/13/doc/E13-33.pdfCuora amboinensis, the Malaysian box turtle, is a member of Geoemydidae within Cryptodira. There are six extan

30、t species in the genus Cuora, and the three species of Cistoclemmys were formerly considered part of this genus as well （Bonin et al., 2006）. The phylogenetic position of Geoemydidae has been debated （e.g., McDowell, 1964; Hirayama, 1984; Gaffney and Meylan, 1988; Spinks et al., 2004）, and the clade

31、 is currently considered to be the sister-group to Emydidae within Testudinoidea （Joyce, 2007）. Geoemydidae originated in the Tertiary, and is therefore a relatively young turtle clade （Ernst and Barbour, 1989; Bonin et al., 2006）.Cuora amboinensis has a small, short skull. There is a plastral hinge

32、 between the hyoplastron and hypoplastron that allows the animal to completely close its shell, and the plastron is connected to the carapace by a ligament （Ernst and Barbour, 1989）. The carapace is arched, and may reach up to 20cm in length. The digits are partially webbed. Cuora amboinensis ranges in color from dark green to black dorsall