长难句突破Word下载.docx

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Closethewindow!

形式变化:

时态变化,语态变化,用情态动词+实义动词的原型,情态动词+have+过去分词形式

2、系动词(构成系表结构)

Be动词

持续的系动词:

keep,taste,…后面加形容词

Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.

Thesearchproveddifficult.

二、主语和宾语

(1)认识名词:

①名词是用来表示人,事物,地点,以及抽象事物名称的。

比如:

人:

John,sister,father

事物:

water,air,sun,computer

地点:

London,theater

抽象事物:

love,happiness,imagination,hope

②名词的数:

注意单复数

③名词的格:

‘s以及of

逻辑语义:

Rachel:

I’mCarol’sex-husband'

ssister'

sroommate.

Doctor:

I’myourroommate'

sbrother'

sex-wife'

sobstetrician.(产科医生)

——老友记

of:

理清逻辑语义

表示所有关系:

翻译方法:

“AofB”翻译成“B的A”

Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.

Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.

特殊:

Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.

(2)语法功能:

充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。

Thereasonsareclearnow.

Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.

Hehasmadeclearthefacts.

Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.

Itisthequestion.

Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.

Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.

Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.

注:

代词与名词关系十分紧密,与名词形成特定的指代关系。

分为以下几类:

人称代词:

I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it

形容词性物主代词:

my/your/his/her/its/

名词性物主代词:

mine/yours/his/hers/its

反身代词:

myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself

不定代词:

every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)

疑问代词:

that/what/which/whose/who/whom

考研同盟提供联系QQ292900475网店

(3)名词性结构:

动名词与不定式

①动名词与不定式做主语

例:

WatchingTVismyhobby.

Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.

Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.

(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.

(2009.阅读)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.

Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.

Toerr(犯错)ishuman;

toforgive,divine(神圣的).

Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.

②动名词与不定式做宾语

Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.

BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.

(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'

tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.

③动名词与不定式检测题

(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.

(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.

(4)主语从句、宾语从句

把原来是词的位置转换成句就成了相应的从句。

①主语从句:

that引导(陈述句)、whether(一般疑问句)、what等疑问词引导(特殊疑问句)。

ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.

Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.

Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.

②宾语从句:

that引导(可省—陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(一般疑问句)。

I'

veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.

Idon'

tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.

Idon'

tknowhowhecancomehere.

Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.

(5)从句检测题:

Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡导者)offree-marketeconomictheories.

(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

4.定语

(1)形容词:

Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.

Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.

(2)形容词性从句:

定语从句——限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。

Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.

Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.

(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:

groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.

①关系代词引导的定语从句:

that引导(做连词可省)、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。

Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入,套入)eachday’sevents.

Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.

The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina,referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.

先行词被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little序数词,形容词最高级,theonly.theone,thevery,theright和thelast等成分修饰时,用that.

ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.

that不用在非限定性定语从句在中

that不用在介词后面

②关系副词引导的定语从句:

when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。

Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.

Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.

as引导的定语从句:

a.引导限定性定语从句such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…;

(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&

A(并购)wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.

TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.

b.引导非限定性定语从句:

作文常用句型:

Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…

(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what

(3)分词:

现在分词、过去分词——时态与主被动

①语法功能:

定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。

定语:

a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.

Theyarerepairingthebrokenwindow.

b.TheAmericanPresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.

IlikereadingbookswrittenbyMarkTwain.

c.分词作定语检测题:

(1996年语法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.

A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives

(2003年63题)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.

5.状语

(1)副词

状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。

Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.

Ourcountryisbecomingincreasinglystrong.

Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.

Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenminUniversitybecausehisperformanceonoralEnglishwasreallybad.(表示上下文关系)

(2)介词充当状语

①介词的定义:

中介作用(介词与名词的搭配,介词与形容词的搭配,介词与动词的搭配)

②常见介词基本意义总结:

空间关系:

in,on,at

时间关系:

论及、牵涉关系:

about,on,over

介词原因关系:

becauseof,for

方法手段:

by,with,in

组成构成:

of,from,with

让步关系:

despite,inspiteof

排除关系:

except,but

其他常见介词:

besides;

among;

towards;

between

介词或短语介词的语法功能在句中的体现:

无论是介词还是短语介词后面所接的词都是名词性的。

Apartfromwomen'

sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.

Advertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse.

(3)副词性从句:

状语从句……时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。

①时间状语从句:

正点……as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner...than,hardly...when;

之前……before;

之后……after,since,once;

Thebabystart’scryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.

Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy(困倦的).

***“not...until"

的四种不同句式:

a.正常句式Wedidn’tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.

b.Until在句首_________________________________________________________

c.倒装句式Notuntilwefinishedourworkdidwegohome.

d.强调句式Itwasnotuntil……thatwewenthome.

分享同一翻译:

直到……才。

(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.

时间状语从句检测题:

(1991年语法)_____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.

A.HardlyhadhebeganB.Nosoonerhadhebegan

C.NotuntilhebeganD.Scarcelydidhebegan

(1998年Text2)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue——itcomestoclassroomtests.

A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when

(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot—the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).

A.afterB.byC.duringD.until

②地点状语从句:

everywhere/anywhere/wherever;

(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.

③条件状语从句:

suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;

ifonly:

只要;

onlyif:

只有

(1996年语法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3

Shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly

(2004年完形42)

Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__heproducesasurplus.

A.onlyifB.muchasC.longbeforeD.eversince

suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing注:

相当于if

Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?

Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.

Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.

(1993语法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudon'

tmindtakingthenighttrain.

A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.until

aslongas...

(2002Text4)Aslo

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