推荐THE GAS TURBINEPower Compression 精品Word格式.docx

推荐THE GAS TURBINEPower Compression 精品Word格式.docx

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Large,Medium,&

Small（Micro-Turbine<

100kw）

GasTurbine'

sImpactOnTheEnvironment

AirPollution

NoisePollution

Environment'

sImpactOnTheGasTurbine

pressorFouling

TurbineErosion&

Corrosion

GasTurbineApplicationsUnderDeregulation

Theaffectsoftheenvironmentonthegasturbineandtheeffortstoreducethegasturbine'

simpactontheenvironmenthaveamajorimpactontheexpenseofoperatingandmaintainingagasturbine.

Thispresentationaddressestheimpactgasturbineshaveontheenvironmentandconverselytheimpacttheenvironmenthasongasturbines.Emissionswillbediscussedrelativetonaturalsourcesofairbornecontaminants,firingtemperature,andfuelchoice.Also,techniquestoreduceemissionsinthebustorandturbineexhaustwillbeexamined.Theimpactoftheenvironmentonthegasturbinewillfocusonmonitoringandcontrollingthequality,temperature,andrelativehumidityoftheinletair.Howtheseaffectunitperformance,efficiencyandfuelconsumptionwillbeweighed.

Bothlargeandsmall-scalegasturbineswillbeimportantpowersourcesthroughoutthenext100-to-200years.Toensurecontinuedacceptance,emissionsmustbeeliminatedorsignificantlyreduced,ponentlifemustbeincreased,andoperatingcostmustbereduced.Someofthetechniquestoachievethesegoalswillbeaddressed.

Theinformationdiscussedinthispresentationisexcerptedfrommybook"

Principles&

Practices"

availablethroughTheFairmontPress,Inc.

Environment

TheEnvironmentisalloftheexternalfactors,suchaswater,soil,climate,light,andoxygenaffectinganorganism.Specifically,inourcase,itistheatmosphereortheoceanofairwelivein.

Atmosphereisdefinedasamixtureofgasessurroundinganycelestialobjectthathasagravitationalfieldstrongenoughtopreventthegasesfromescaping.Theprincipalconstituentsofouratmosphereoneartharenitrogen（78percent）andoxygen（21percent）.Theatmosphericgasesintheremaining1percentareargon（0.9percent）,carbondioxide（0.03percent）,varyingamountsofwatervapor,andtraceamountsofhydrogen,ozone,methane,carbonmonoxide,helium,neon,krypton,andxenon.

GreenhouseEffectdescribestheroletheatmosphereplaysininsulatingandwarmingtheearth'

ssurface.Theatmosphereislargelytransparenttoiningshort-wavesolarradiation,whichisabsorbedbytheearth'

ssurface.Muchofthisradiationisthenreemittedfromtheearthatinfraredwavelengths,butitisreflectedbacktotheearthbygasessuchascarbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxide,andozoneintheatmosphere.Thereflectedradiationmaintainsthetemperatureoftheearthinarangethatishospitabletolife.Thisheatingeffectisthebasisofthetheoriesconcerningglobalwarming.

Theamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherehasbeenincreasingby0.4percentayearbecauseoftheuseoffossilfuelssuchasoil,gas,andcoal.Theclearingoftropicalforestshasalsobeenacontributingfactor.Othergasesthatcontributetothegreenhouseeffect,suchasmethaneandchlorofluorocarbons,areincreasingevenfaster.Theneteffectoftheseincreasescouldbeaworldwideriseinaverageglobaltemperatureof1.0°

to3.5°

C（1.8°

to6.3°

F）,withabestestimateof2.0°

C（3.6°

F）,by2100.Warmingofthismagnitudewouldalterclimatesthroughouttheworld,affectcropproduction,andcausesealevelstorisesignificantly.Ifthishappened,millionsofpeoplewouldbeadverselyaffectedbymajorflooding.

Note:

1cubicmeter

=

35.3cubicfeet

1milligram（1mg）

0.00004oz.（0.4x10-4）

1microgram（1g）

0.00000004oz（0.4x10-7）

DIVISIONSOFTHEATMOSPHERE

MAJORAIRPOLLUTANTS

MajorAirPollutants

Sourcesofmajorairpollutantsincludeindividualactions,suchasdrivingacar,andindustrialactivities,suchasmanufacturingproductsorgeneratingelectricity.Note:

1cubicmeter（1m3）isequalto35.3cuft;

1milligram（1mg）isequalto0.00004oz;

1microgram（1µ

g）isequalto0.00000004oz.

GasTurbineisanenginethatemploysgasflowastheworkingmediumbywhichheatenergyistransformedintomechanicalenergy.Therefore,allgasturbinesaregasgenerators.Gasturbinesareoftenclassifiedbytheirphysicalsize,bytheamountofpowertheyproduce,bytheirdesigncriteria,orbytheiroriginallyintendedormodifieduse.Therefore,wehaveaircraftorjetenginesandaero-derivativesdescribingenginesoriginallybuiltforflightapplicationsandmodifiedforstationary,landbasedapplications;

andwehaveindustrialenginedesignsthataresimilartosteamturbines-theseareoftenidentifiedas"

heavyindustrial"

gasturbines.Thiswasthedesignthatexistedinthefirstquarterofthiscentury.ItwasthisgasturbinedesignthatDr.W.J.Stern,thenDirectoroftheSouthKensingtonLaboratorydeclared"

unworkable"

asapowersourceforBritishfighteraircraft.SeveralyearslaterFrankWhittledemonstratedaworkablelightweightgasturbineandbecametheFatherofthemodernjetengine（hesharesthishonorwithHansPabstvonOhainwhodevelopedasimilarengineforGermanyatapproximatelythesametime）.

∙Large,Medium,&

Small（MicroTurbine<

100kW）

GasTurbine'

sImpactontheEnvironment

∙Airpollution

NOx,CO,NMHC

∙Noisepollution

AIRPOLLUTION

CONTAMINATIONOFTHEAIR

INLARGEENOUGHCONCENTRATION,

FORASUFFICIENTLYLONGTIE,

TOCAUSEDAMAGEORUNREASONABLE

INTERFERENCEWITHLIFEANDPROPERTY

NATURAL&

MAN-MADESOURCESOF

ATMOSPHERICCONTAMINANTS

Emission

Natural-kg/yr

Man-Made-kg/yr

RatioNatural/ManMade

Reference

∙Hydrocarbons

∙CarbonMonoxide

∙SulfurOxides

∙NitrogenOxides

159x109

3.2x1012

415x109

45x1010

24x109

0.24x1012

139x109

4.5x1010

6

13

3

10

5

7

5,9,10

6,3

RESIDENCETIMEOFATMOSPHERIC

TRACEELEMENTS

EmissionsLifeReference

CO

1-3years

4

NO

1/2-1day

6

NO2

3-5days

HC（ASCH4）

1.5years

SOX

3-4days

P-M

hourstodays（troposphere）

daystoyears（stratosphere）

8

References:

（3）AbatementofNitrogenOxidesEmissionsforStationarySources”,NationalacademyofEngineers（1972）

（4）“CarbonMonoxide:

NaturalSourcesDwarfMan’sOutput”,T.N.MaughII（1972）

（5）“AtmosphericChemistry:

TraceGasesandParticulates”,W.H.Fisher（1972）

（6）“Emissions,Concentrations,andFateofGaseousPollutants”,R.Robinson,R.C.

Robbins（1971）

（7）TheSulfurCycle”,W.W.Kellogg（1972）

（8）“PhysicalClimatology”,W.D.Sellers（1965）

（9）GroundLevelConcentrationsofGasturbineEmissions”,H.L.Hamilton,E.W.

Zeltman（1974）

（10）AirQualityStandardsNationalandInternational”,S.Yanagisawa,（1973）

GASTURBINEEXHAUSTPRODUCTS

FROM

HYDROCARBONFUELBUSTIONINDRYAIR

CONSTITUENT

%BYWEIGHT

REMARKS

N2-Nitrogen

74.16

Mostlyinert,fromatmosphere

O2-Oxygen

16.47

Fromexcessair

CO2-CarbonDioxide

5.47

Productofpletebustion

H2O-Water

2.34

A-Argon

1.26

Inert,fromatmosphere

UHC-UnburnedHydrocarbons

trace

Productofinpletebustion

CO-CarbonMonoxide

NOx-OxidesofNitrogen

∙Thermal

∙Organic

FromfixationofatmosphericN2

Fromfuelboundnitrogen

SOx-OxidesofSulfur

FromSulfurinfuel

SCAQMDEnvironmentalRules&

Regulations

Rule1110.2

Owners/operatorsofstationaryengineswithanamendedRule1110.1EmissionControlPlansubmittedbyJuly1,1991,oranApprovedEmissionControlPlan,designatingthepermanentremovalofenginesorthereplacementofengineswithelectricmotors,inaccordancewithsubparagraph（d）

（1）（A）,shalldosobyDecember31,1999,orreducetheemissionsfromtheenginestothelimitslistedinTableVIinaccordancewiththefollowingschedule:

（i）ByJanuary1,1999,submitapplicationsforpermittoconstructandpermittooperatetheenginesandcontrolequipment;

（ii）BySeptember30,1999,initiatecontrolequipmentinstallation;

and

（iii）ByDecember31,1999,havetheengineunderpliance.

TABLEVI

ALTERNATIVETOELECTRIFICATION

NOx

VOC

CO

0.15g/bhp-hr

0.6g/bhp-hr

Rule1134

（c）EmissionsLimitations

1.Theoperatorofanystationarygasturbineunitshallnotoperatesuchunitunderloadconditions,excludingthethermalstabilizationperiodorothertimeperiodspecifiedinthePermittoConstructorthePermittoOperateissuedpriortoAugust4,1989,whichresultinthedischargeofoxidesofnitrogen（NOx）emissions,directlyorindirectly,intotheatmosphereatconcentrationsinexcessofthefollowingasmeasuredpursuanttosubdivision（e）:

plianceLimit=ReferenceLimitxEFF/25%

Where:

plianceLimit

=

a