Scientific and Technical Writing 科技英语写作Word文件下载.docx
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WritingProcess(P20)
ChapterThree:
TipsforScientificandTechnicalWriting
TheCharacteristicsofScientificandTechnicalWriting(P32)
TheOrganizationandDevelopmentofScientificandTechnical
Writing(P35)
ChapterFour:
OralCommunication
MeetingPeople(P42)
AttendingLectures(P43)
SectionThree:
PresentationofResearchingInformation(P44)
TypesofScientificandTechnicalWriting
1.MemoReports
Thememoreportisthemostcommonandprevalenttypeoftechnicalwritingfoundinindustrytoday.Itisaninformalreportandisstrictlyaninternaltypeofcommunication.Thekeytowritingeffectivememoreportsisbrevityandsimplicity.
2.FormalReports
Formalreportsarethecomprehensivedocumentationofmajortechnicalprojects.Bythenatureoftheirscopeandimportance,theytendtobelonganddetailed.Theactualscopeandcomplexityofanyparticularformalreportwilldependonthesubstanceofthereportitself.Mostformalreportsareoutsidereportsfromonecompanytoanother.Theycovermanyofthesamesubjectsasinsidememo-reports.Theformatvariesgreatly,dependingonthecompany’sstandardsandthenatureofthereport.
3.Proposals
Aproposalisasellingdocumentthatadvocatesthepurchaseofacompany’sproductsorservices.Itcanalsocomefromwithinasinglecompanyandadvocatethepurchaseofequipmentorhiringofadditionalpersonnel.Proposalsfromonecompanytoanothergenerallytendtobelengthyandcomplex.Proposalsthataregeneratedwithinasinglecompanytendtobebriefandsimple.Ineithercase,thereaderswillbeprimarilymanagerial.
Ifaproposalissolicited,itwillbeamirrorofanRFP(requestforproposal).Iftheproposalisunsolicited,itwillreflectthethinkingofthefirmseekingthecontractanditsestimateofwhatthereceivingcompanyrequires.
4.Manuals
Technicalmanualisadocumentationofaprocessormechanismoracombinationofthetwo.Throughdocumentationinthemanual,theelementsofaprocessormechanismaredefinedanddescribed,andinstructionsforitsuseareprovided.Thisusecancoversuchthingsasoperation,maintenance,servicing,andrepair.
5.JournalArticles
Fewaccomplishmentswillenhanceyourprofessionalstandingasmuchasbeingpublished.Whenyoupublishanarticle,ittellsyourprofessionalcolleaguesnotonlythatyouhavesomethingoriginalanduniquetocontributetoyourfield,butalsothatitisimportantenoughtobepublished.Contrarytopopularopinion,thetradejournalsarealwaysinterestedinfreshnewprofessionalarticles.Newideas,newproducts,newfindings,andexperimentsarethelifebloodofthetradepublishingbusiness.Itisthroughtheprofessionalandtradejournalsthattheprofessional,scientific,andacademiccommunitiescommunicatewithoneanother.
Thekeytoagoodjournalarticleisitsorganizationandclearpurpose.Outlininganarticleiscrucialtoitsgettingpublished.Thesubjectmustbeinaccordancewiththejournal’sparticularsubjectmatter,andthearticlemustpublishnewandinterestinginformationforitsreaders.Mostprofessionalandtradejournalshavewrittenguidelinesfortheirpublishingexpectations.Eachisuniqueinitspersonalityandstyle.
FormatsofScientificandTechnicalWriting
1.MemoReports
1)PartsofMemoReports
Thetypicalmemoreportismadeupofthefollowingparts.
1.Headinginformation:
Headinginformationgivesthereaderthewritingsolution.Itspecificallytellsyourreaderthedateofthememoreport.Thisdateiscrucialtokeepingfiles.Ittellstowhomthememoisbeingwritten.Thisisusuallyasinglereader,butitalsomaybeagrouporanumberofindividuals.Theheadinginformationtellsthereaderwhowrotethememoreport.Thisagaincanbeeitherasinglepersonoragroup.Andfinally,headinginformationgivesthesubjectofthereport.
Headinginformationismadeupoffourbasicheadings,asfollows:
Date:
(thedateofthememoreport)
To:
(towhomthememowaswritten)
From:
(whowrotethememo)
Subject:
(thesubjectofthereport)
Theorderofthesetopicsisnotimportant,butallfourtopicsmustbeincludedintheheading.
Sometimesthereceiverofthememoreportisasingleperson,butphotocopiesaredistributedtootherswhoarelessdirectlyinvolvedinthematterathand.Thenamesofindividualswhoreceivecopiesarenotedintheheadinginformationaftertheabbreviation“cc:
”(for“carboncopy”).
2.Purposestatement
Thestatementofpurposetellsthereaderwhythememowaswritten.Effectivestatementsofpurposearealwaysdirectandconcise.Theysacrificesubtletyfordirectness.
3.Backgroundstatement:
Abackgroundstatementshouldbebriefandconcise.Itprovidesthereaderwithanoverviewoftheeventsandcircumstancesthathaveledtothereport.Italsoallowsarecapandreminderforthereaderwhoreferstothememoreportatalaterdate.
4.Discussion:
Thediscussionisanobjectiveandfactualwrittencommunicationoftechnicalmessage.Itisadetailedandcompletemessageaboutthesubject.Thediscussioniswherethebasicorganizationalpatternandoutlineofideasareputintowrittenform.
5.Conclusion:
Conclusionsarethereasonsorcausesoftechnicalconditionsandsituations.Theseareyourfindingsorresultsaboutwhateveritisthatyouarewriting.
6.Recommendations:
Recommendationsarethesuggestionsbasedontheconclusions,andprofessionalopinionsaboutwhatshouldbedone.
2)Typesofmemoreports:
1.Feasibilityreports:
Feasibilityreportistoshowwhetherundertakingacertainprojectorpathofactionwillhavesuccessorfailure.Thelikelihoodofsuccessmustbeweighedagainsttheoddsforfailure.
Thereportpresentstheevidenceforthatsetofoddsfororagainstthesuccessofthereport.
Thestructureofthistypeofreportisasfollows:
Memo-reportheadings
Purpose
Background
___Proceduresandmethods
___Alternatives
Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
SampleFeasibilityReport:
Date:
_______________
To:
________________
From:
Subject:
Shouldmotor-drivenlinearactuatorsreplacedouble-acting
Hydrauliccylindersonpinchrollers?
Purpose:
Thepurposeofthisreportistostudythefeasibilityofhavingmotor-drivenlinearactuations(ball-screwstyle)replacethedouble-actinghydrauliccylindersonthepressure-heatedpinchrollersforthe24’’counter-toplaminator.Feasibilityisbasedoneconomicandwork-effectivenessfactors.
Background:
About22yearsago,AcmepurchasedtheOtto24”laminatorcurrentlybeingusedattheMelvilleplant.
Thismachineusesthreesetsofhydrauliccylinders(2perpinchroll)toexert800psiasthelaminatedtopexitsthegluerandentersthepressarea.
Dependingonwhatsizethicknesstheoveralltopwillmeasure(1/4”,3/8”,1/2”,3/4”),youmustmanuallyadjusttheclevisendofthesecylinders.
Thisresultsinaset-uptimeofabout90minutes.Operatorcontrolsforthepinchrollersare“full-extend”or“full-extract”withnomiddlesetting.
Leaksinthisexistingsystemareaconstantproblem.Thepetroleumbasedoilattacksthegluethatholdsthelaminatetothebasewood.
Discussion:
Currenttechnologyinlaminatingmachinesusesmotor-drivenball-screwactuatorsinplaceofhydrauliccylinders.Thesemotorsuseaclosed-loopfeedbacksystemthatallowsforPLC(programmablelogiccontroller)basedcontrol.Consequently,set-uptimedecreasesfrom90minutesto5minutes.Becausetheseactuatorsaremotordriven,wecancompletelyeliminatethehydraulicsystem.
Theestimatedcosttoremovetheexistinghydraulicsystemandinstallthenewmotor-drivenactuatorshasthefollowingbreakdown:
Motoractuators&
controllers……………………….$265,500.00
Removal&
installationlabor…………………………$93,300.00
PLCoperatortraining………………………………….$7,500.00
First-yearcost……………………………………….$366,300.00
The24”counter-toplaminatorcurrentlyproduces4.4millionofproductin2,000hoursofoperationataproductionrate-per-minuteof$35.67.Thisisbasedonusingthefigureof85minutesofsavedset-uptimeandanaverageof7.5set-upsperweekona50-weekproductionschedule.
Theprojectedincreasesinproductionareasfollows:
Annualset-ups:
……………………………………375(507.5)
Totalminutessaved……………………………31,875(37585)
Increasedproduction……………………………….1,136,981.20
($35.6731,875)
Additionalset-upadjustmentfactor…………………………0.94
Adjustedincreasedproduction……………………$1,068,762.30
($1,136,9810.94)
Conclusions:
Atinvestmentof$366,300.00ofnewmotor-drivenactuatorswillincreaseproductionatarateof$1,068,762.30.Thisequatestoapaybackperiodof17.2weeks.Assumingbothsystemsrequirethesameamountofmaintenancetime,additionalsavingswillresultfromlessproductdamagefromhydraulicleaks(estimatedat$87,000.00).AnotheradditionalfeatureistheabilityoftheOttolaminatortorunshortorders(lessthan100pcs)becauseofreducedset-uptime.
Recommendations:
Themotor-drivenlinearactuatorsshouldbepurchasedandinstalledassoonaspossible.
2.Insideproposals:
Aninsideproposalisareportingdocumentthatstaysinsidethefirm.Itspurposeisto
persuadethereadertoalloworfollo