Scientific and Technical Writing 科技英语写作Word文件下载.docx

Scientific and Technical Writing 科技英语写作Word文件下载.docx

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WritingProcess（P20）

ChapterThree:

TipsforScientificandTechnicalWriting

TheCharacteristicsofScientificandTechnicalWriting（P32）

TheOrganizationandDevelopmentofScientificandTechnical

Writing（P35）

ChapterFour:

OralCommunication

MeetingPeople（P42）

AttendingLectures（P43）

SectionThree:

PresentationofResearchingInformation（P44）

TypesofScientificandTechnicalWriting

1.MemoReports

Thememoreportisthemostcommonandprevalenttypeoftechnicalwritingfoundinindustrytoday.Itisaninformalreportandisstrictlyaninternaltypeofcommunication.Thekeytowritingeffectivememoreportsisbrevityandsimplicity.

2.FormalReports

Formalreportsarethecomprehensivedocumentationofmajortechnicalprojects.Bythenatureoftheirscopeandimportance,theytendtobelonganddetailed.Theactualscopeandcomplexityofanyparticularformalreportwilldependonthesubstanceofthereportitself.Mostformalreportsareoutsidereportsfromonecompanytoanother.Theycovermanyofthesamesubjectsasinsidememo-reports.Theformatvariesgreatly,dependingonthecompany’sstandardsandthenatureofthereport.

3.Proposals

Aproposalisasellingdocumentthatadvocatesthepurchaseofacompany’sproductsorservices.Itcanalsocomefromwithinasinglecompanyandadvocatethepurchaseofequipmentorhiringofadditionalpersonnel.Proposalsfromonecompanytoanothergenerallytendtobelengthyandcomplex.Proposalsthataregeneratedwithinasinglecompanytendtobebriefandsimple.Ineithercase,thereaderswillbeprimarilymanagerial.

Ifaproposalissolicited,itwillbeamirrorofanRFP（requestforproposal）.Iftheproposalisunsolicited,itwillreflectthethinkingofthefirmseekingthecontractanditsestimateofwhatthereceivingcompanyrequires.

4.Manuals

Technicalmanualisadocumentationofaprocessormechanismoracombinationofthetwo.Throughdocumentationinthemanual,theelementsofaprocessormechanismaredefinedanddescribed,andinstructionsforitsuseareprovided.Thisusecancoversuchthingsasoperation,maintenance,servicing,andrepair.

5.JournalArticles

Fewaccomplishmentswillenhanceyourprofessionalstandingasmuchasbeingpublished.Whenyoupublishanarticle,ittellsyourprofessionalcolleaguesnotonlythatyouhavesomethingoriginalanduniquetocontributetoyourfield,butalsothatitisimportantenoughtobepublished.Contrarytopopularopinion,thetradejournalsarealwaysinterestedinfreshnewprofessionalarticles.Newideas,newproducts,newfindings,andexperimentsarethelifebloodofthetradepublishingbusiness.Itisthroughtheprofessionalandtradejournalsthattheprofessional,scientific,andacademiccommunitiescommunicatewithoneanother.

Thekeytoagoodjournalarticleisitsorganizationandclearpurpose.Outlininganarticleiscrucialtoitsgettingpublished.Thesubjectmustbeinaccordancewiththejournal’sparticularsubjectmatter,andthearticlemustpublishnewandinterestinginformationforitsreaders.Mostprofessionalandtradejournalshavewrittenguidelinesfortheirpublishingexpectations.Eachisuniqueinitspersonalityandstyle.

FormatsofScientificandTechnicalWriting

1.MemoReports

1）PartsofMemoReports

Thetypicalmemoreportismadeupofthefollowingparts.

1.Headinginformation:

Headinginformationgivesthereaderthewritingsolution.Itspecificallytellsyourreaderthedateofthememoreport.Thisdateiscrucialtokeepingfiles.Ittellstowhomthememoisbeingwritten.Thisisusuallyasinglereader,butitalsomaybeagrouporanumberofindividuals.Theheadinginformationtellsthereaderwhowrotethememoreport.Thisagaincanbeeitherasinglepersonoragroup.Andfinally,headinginformationgivesthesubjectofthereport.

Headinginformationismadeupoffourbasicheadings,asfollows:

Date:

（thedateofthememoreport）

To:

（towhomthememowaswritten）

From:

（whowrotethememo）

Subject:

（thesubjectofthereport）

Theorderofthesetopicsisnotimportant,butallfourtopicsmustbeincludedintheheading.

Sometimesthereceiverofthememoreportisasingleperson,butphotocopiesaredistributedtootherswhoarelessdirectlyinvolvedinthematterathand.Thenamesofindividualswhoreceivecopiesarenotedintheheadinginformationaftertheabbreviation“cc:

”（for“carboncopy”）.

2.Purposestatement

Thestatementofpurposetellsthereaderwhythememowaswritten.Effectivestatementsofpurposearealwaysdirectandconcise.Theysacrificesubtletyfordirectness.

3.Backgroundstatement:

Abackgroundstatementshouldbebriefandconcise.Itprovidesthereaderwithanoverviewoftheeventsandcircumstancesthathaveledtothereport.Italsoallowsarecapandreminderforthereaderwhoreferstothememoreportatalaterdate.

4.Discussion:

Thediscussionisanobjectiveandfactualwrittencommunicationoftechnicalmessage.Itisadetailedandcompletemessageaboutthesubject.Thediscussioniswherethebasicorganizationalpatternandoutlineofideasareputintowrittenform.

5.Conclusion:

Conclusionsarethereasonsorcausesoftechnicalconditionsandsituations.Theseareyourfindingsorresultsaboutwhateveritisthatyouarewriting.

6.Recommendations:

Recommendationsarethesuggestionsbasedontheconclusions,andprofessionalopinionsaboutwhatshouldbedone.

2）Typesofmemoreports:

1.Feasibilityreports:

Feasibilityreportistoshowwhetherundertakingacertainprojectorpathofactionwillhavesuccessorfailure.Thelikelihoodofsuccessmustbeweighedagainsttheoddsforfailure.

Thereportpresentstheevidenceforthatsetofoddsfororagainstthesuccessofthereport.

Thestructureofthistypeofreportisasfollows:

Memo-reportheadings

Purpose

Background

___Proceduresandmethods

___Alternatives

Discussion

Conclusions

Recommendations

SampleFeasibilityReport:

Date:

_______________

To:

________________

From:

Subject:

Shouldmotor-drivenlinearactuatorsreplacedouble-acting

Hydrauliccylindersonpinchrollers?

Purpose:

Thepurposeofthisreportistostudythefeasibilityofhavingmotor-drivenlinearactuations（ball-screwstyle）replacethedouble-actinghydrauliccylindersonthepressure-heatedpinchrollersforthe24’’counter-toplaminator.Feasibilityisbasedoneconomicandwork-effectivenessfactors.

Background:

About22yearsago,AcmepurchasedtheOtto24”laminatorcurrentlybeingusedattheMelvilleplant.

Thismachineusesthreesetsofhydrauliccylinders（2perpinchroll）toexert800psiasthelaminatedtopexitsthegluerandentersthepressarea.

Dependingonwhatsizethicknesstheoveralltopwillmeasure（1/4”,3/8”,1/2”,3/4”）,youmustmanuallyadjusttheclevisendofthesecylinders.

Thisresultsinaset-uptimeofabout90minutes.Operatorcontrolsforthepinchrollersare“full-extend”or“full-extract”withnomiddlesetting.

Leaksinthisexistingsystemareaconstantproblem.Thepetroleumbasedoilattacksthegluethatholdsthelaminatetothebasewood.

Discussion:

Currenttechnologyinlaminatingmachinesusesmotor-drivenball-screwactuatorsinplaceofhydrauliccylinders.Thesemotorsuseaclosed-loopfeedbacksystemthatallowsforPLC（programmablelogiccontroller）basedcontrol.Consequently,set-uptimedecreasesfrom90minutesto5minutes.Becausetheseactuatorsaremotordriven,wecancompletelyeliminatethehydraulicsystem.

Theestimatedcosttoremovetheexistinghydraulicsystemandinstallthenewmotor-drivenactuatorshasthefollowingbreakdown:

Motoractuators&

controllers……………………….$265,500.00

Removal&

installationlabor…………………………$93,300.00

PLCoperatortraining………………………………….$7,500.00

First-yearcost……………………………………….$366,300.00

The24”counter-toplaminatorcurrentlyproduces4.4millionofproductin2,000hoursofoperationataproductionrate-per-minuteof$35.67.Thisisbasedonusingthefigureof85minutesofsavedset-uptimeandanaverageof7.5set-upsperweekona50-weekproductionschedule.

Theprojectedincreasesinproductionareasfollows:

Annualset-ups:

……………………………………375（507.5）

Totalminutessaved……………………………31,875（37585）

Increasedproduction……………………………….1,136,981.20

（$35.6731,875）

Additionalset-upadjustmentfactor…………………………0.94

Adjustedincreasedproduction……………………$1,068,762.30

（$1,136,9810.94）

Conclusions:

Atinvestmentof$366,300.00ofnewmotor-drivenactuatorswillincreaseproductionatarateof$1,068,762.30.Thisequatestoapaybackperiodof17.2weeks.Assumingbothsystemsrequirethesameamountofmaintenancetime,additionalsavingswillresultfromlessproductdamagefromhydraulicleaks（estimatedat$87,000.00）.AnotheradditionalfeatureistheabilityoftheOttolaminatortorunshortorders（lessthan100pcs）becauseofreducedset-uptime.

Recommendations:

Themotor-drivenlinearactuatorsshouldbepurchasedandinstalledassoonaspossible.

2.Insideproposals:

Aninsideproposalisareportingdocumentthatstaysinsidethefirm.Itspurposeisto

persuadethereadertoalloworfollo