Scientific and Technical Writing 科技英语写作Word文件下载.docx

1、 Writing Process （P20）Chapter Three: Tips for Scientific and Technical Writing The Characteristics of Scientific and Technical Writing （P32） The Organization and Development of Scientific and Technical Writing （P35）Chapter Four: Oral Communication Meeting People （P42） Attending Lectures （P43）Section

2、 Three: Presentation of Researching Information （P44） Types of Scientific and Technical Writing1. Memo ReportsThe memo report is the most common and prevalent type of technical writing found in industry today. It is an informal report and is strictly an internal type of communication. The key to wri

3、ting effective memo reports is brevity and simplicity.2. Formal ReportsFormal reports are the comprehensive documentation of major technical projects. By the nature of their scope and importance, they tend to be long and detailed. The actual scope and complexity of any particular formal report will

4、depend on the substance of the report itself. Most formal reports are outside reports from one company to another. They cover many of the same subjects as inside memo-reports. The format varies greatly, depending on the companys standards and the nature of the report.3. ProposalsA proposal is a sell

5、ing document that advocates the purchase of a companys products or services. It can also come from within a single company and advocate the purchase of equipment or hiring of additional personnel. Proposals from one company to another generally tend to be lengthy and complex. Proposals that are gene

6、rated within a single company tend to be brief and simple. In either case, the readers will be primarily managerial.If a proposal is solicited, it will be a mirror of an RFP （request for proposal）. If the proposal is unsolicited, it will reflect the thinking of the firm seeking the contract and its

7、estimate of what the receiving company requires.4. ManualsTechnical manual is a documentation of a process or mechanism or a combination of the two. Through documentation in the manual, the elements of a process or mechanism are defined and described, and instructions for its use are provided. This

8、use can cover such things as operation, maintenance, servicing, and repair.5. Journal ArticlesFew accomplishments will enhance your professional standing as much as being published. When you publish an article, it tells your professional colleagues not only that you have something original and uniqu

9、e to contribute to your field, but also that it is important enough to be published. Contrary to popular opinion, the trade journals are always interested in fresh new professional articles. New ideas, new products, new findings, and experiments are the lifeblood of the trade publishing business. It

10、 is through the professional and trade journals that the professional, scientific, and academic communities communicate with one another.The key to a good journal article is its organization and clear purpose. Outlining an article is crucial to its getting published. The subject must be in accordanc

11、e with the journals particular subject matter, and the article must publish new and interesting information for its readers. Most professional and trade journals have written guidelines for their publishing expectations. Each is unique in its personality and style. Formats of Scientific and Technica

12、l Writing 1. Memo Reports1） Parts of Memo ReportsThe typical memo report is made up of the following parts.1. Heading information:Heading information gives the reader the writing solution. It specifically tells your reader the date of the memo report. This date is crucial to keeping files. It tells

13、to whom the memo is being written. This is usually a single reader, but it also may be a group or a number of individuals. The heading information tells the reader who wrote the memo report. This again can be either a single person or a group. And finally, heading information gives the subject of th

14、e report.Heading information is made up of four basic headings, as follows: Date: （the date of the memo report） To: （to whom the memo was written） From: （who wrote the memo） Subject: （the subject of the report）The order of these topics is not important, but all four topics must be included in the he

15、ading.Sometimes the receiver of the memo report is a single person, but photocopies are distributed to others who are less directly involved in the matter at hand. The names of individuals who receive copies are noted in the heading information after the abbreviation“cc:”（for “carbon copy”）. 2. Purp

16、ose statementThe statement of purpose tells the reader why the memo was written. Effective statements of purpose are always direct and concise. They sacrifice subtlety for directness. 3. Background statement:A background statement should be brief and concise. It provides the reader with an overview

17、of the events and circumstances that have led to the report. It also allows a recap and reminder for the reader who refers to the memo report at a later date.4. Discussion:The discussion is an objective and factual written communication of technical message. It is a detailed and complete message abo

18、ut the subject. The discussion is where the basic organizational pattern and outline of ideas are put into written form.5. Conclusion:Conclusions are the reasons or causes of technical conditions and situations. These are your findings or results about whatever it is that you are writing.6. Recommen

19、dations:Recommendations are the suggestions based on the conclusions, and professional opinions about what should be done. 2） Types of memo reports:1. Feasibility reports:Feasibility report is to show whether undertaking a certain project or path of action will have success or failure. The likelihoo

20、d of success must be weighed against the odds for failure. The report presents the evidence for that set of odds for or against the success of the report.The structure of this type of report is as follows: Memo-report headings Purpose Background _Procedures and methods _Alternatives Discussion Concl

21、usions RecommendationsSample Feasibility Report:Date: _To: _From:Subject: Should motor-driven linear actuators replace double-acting Hydraulic cylinders on pinch rollers?Purpose:The purpose of this report is to study the feasibility of having motor-driven linear actuations （ball-screw style） replace

22、 the double-acting hydraulic cylinders on the pressure-heated pinch rollers for the 24 counter-top laminator. Feasibility is based on economic and work-effectiveness factors.Background:About 22 years ago, Acme purchased the Otto 24” laminator currently being used at the Melville plant.This machine u

23、ses three sets of hydraulic cylinders （2 per pinch roll） to exert 800 psi as the laminated top exits the gluer and enters the press area.Depending on what size thickness the overall top will measure （1/4”, 3/8”, 1/2”, 3/4”）, you must manually adjust the clevis end of these cylinders.This results in

24、a set-up time of about 90 minutes. Operator controls for the pinch rollers are “full-extend” or “full-extract” with no middle setting.Leaks in this existing system are a constant problem. The petroleum based oil attacks the glue that holds the laminate to the base wood.Discussion:Current technology

25、in laminating machines uses motor-driven ball-screw actuators in place of hydraulic cylinders. These motors use a closed-loop feedback system that allows for PLC （programmable logic controller） based control. Consequently, set-up time decreases from 90 minutes to 5 minutes. Because these actuators a

26、re motor driven, we can completely eliminate the hydraulic system.The estimated cost to remove the existing hydraulic system and install the new motor-driven actuators has the following breakdown:Motor actuators & controllers .$265,500.00Removal & installation labor $93,300.00PLC operator training .

27、$7,500.00First-year cost .$366,300.00The 24” counter-top laminator currently produces 4.4 million of product in 2,000 hours of operation at a production rate-per-minute of $35.67. This is based on using the figure of 85 minutes of saved set-up time and an average of 7.5 set-ups per week on a 50-week

28、 production schedule.The projected increases in production are as follows:Annual set-ups: 375 （50 7.5）Total minutes saved 31,875 （375 85）Increased production .1,136,981.20 （$35.67 31,875）Additional set-up adjustment factor 0.94Adjusted increased production $1,068,762.30 （$1,136,981 0.94）Conclusions:

29、At investment of $366,300.00 of new motor-driven actuators will increase production at a rate of $1,068,762.30. This equates to a payback period of 17.2 weeks. Assuming both systems require the same amount of maintenance time, additional savings will result from less product damage from hydraulic le

30、aks （estimated at $87,000.00）. Another additional feature is the ability of the Otto laminator to run short orders （less than 100 pcs） because of reduced set-up time.Recommendations:The motor-driven linear actuators should be purchased and installed as soon as possible.2. Inside proposals: An inside proposal is a reporting document that stays inside the firm. Its purpose is to persuade the reader to allow or follo