国际经济学 贸易部分.docx
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国际经济学贸易部分
TESTBANKOFINTERNATIONALECONOMICS
PartⅠ.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.
1.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Theseare,,,thebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.
2.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:
and.
3.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodif
ofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.
4.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.
、
and
、
aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.If,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.
/
istherelativepriceofcheese,whenHomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.
5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.
、
and
、
aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.If
/
<
/
<
/
theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals.Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas
6.Inspecificfactorsmodel(QM=QM(K,LM);QF=QF(T,LF);L=LM+LF),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorprice
、
、
、
、
insideHomeis.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas.
7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,
Second.
8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenand
9.Accordingto,iftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.
10.Accordingto,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.
11.Accordingto,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose.
12.Accordingto,internationaltradeproducesaconvergenceofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.
13.Threeassumptionscrucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare
(1)
(2)(3).
14.“U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports”isknownas
.
15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcasesof
16.Thestandardtrademodelderivesaworldrelativesupplycurvefrom
andaworldrelativedemandcurvefrom.
17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedeclineofthewelfarecausedbythedeteriorationofthetermsoftradeswapovertheriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthis.
18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownas.
19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsare
,
.
20.Accordingto“”,tariffsandexportsubsidiesmighthaveperverseeffectsoninternalprice.
21.Inthemodelof“MonopolisticCompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweenand.
22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirmsmaybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:
23.Thepatternofintraindustrytradeitselfisunpredicted,
determinethedetailsofthetradepattern.
39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedby.
24.Theindexesofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:
I=.
25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustrytradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.When、,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.
26.Theargumentoftemporaryprotectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas
27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindthetheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:
and
28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?
——
29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy,governmentareassumedtomaximize
ratherthan.
30.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludeand
31.Accordingto“”,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem’ssources.
32.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoofreely.First
;Second.
33.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.
canexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.
34.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:
GATT1994,GATS,,
35.“Nondiscriminatory”principlesincludeprincipleand
principle
36.Forpreferentialtradingagreements,suchas,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity.
37.Whetheracustomsunionisdesirableorundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstoor.
38.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives:
and.
39.Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives:
promoting
industrializationandcopingwiththeproblemsofthedualeconomy.Correspondingly,therearetwomainargumentsfordevelopingcountriestopursuepolicyofimport-substitutingindustrialization.Thetwoargumentsare
and.
40.Sophisticatedproponentsoftheinfantindustryargumenthaveidentifiedtwomarketfailuresasreasonswhyinfantindustryprotectionmaybeagoodidea:
and.
PartⅢ.ChoosetheONLYonecollectanswerineachquestion.
1.Animportantinsightofinternationaltradetheoryisthatwhencountriesexchangegoodsandservicesonewiththeotherit
A.isalwaysbeneficialtobothcountries.
B.isusuallybeneficialtobothcountries.
C.istypicallybeneficialonlytothelowwagetradepartnercountry.
D.istypicallyharmfultothetechnologicallylaggingcountry.
E.tendstocreateunemploymentinbothcountries.
Answer:
B
2.Iftherearelargedisparitiesinwagelevelsbetweencountries,then
A.tradeislikelytobeharmfultobothcountries.
B.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththehighwages.
C.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththelowwages.
D.tradeislikelytobeharmfultoneithercountry.
E.tradeislikelytohavenoeffectoneithercountry.
Answer:
D
3.Cost-benefitanalysisofinternationaltrade
A.isbasicallyuseless.
B.isempiricallyintractable.
C.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestwithincountries.
D.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestsbetweencountries.
E.Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
4.Aprimaryreasonwhynationsconductinternationaltradeisbecauseofdifferencesin
A.historicalperspective.
B.location.
C.resourceavailabilities.
D.tastes.
E.incomes.
Answer:
C
5.Argumentsforfreetradearesometimesdisregardedbythepoliticalprocessbecause
A.economiststendtofavorhighlyprotecteddomesticmarkets.
B.economistshaveauniversallyaccepteddecisivepoweroverthepoliticaldecisionmechanism.
C.maximizingconsumerwelfaremaynotbeachiefpriorityforpoliticians.
D.thegainsoftradeareofparamountconcerntotypicalconsumers.
E.Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
6.Proponentsoffreetradeclaimallofthefollowingasadvantagesexcept
A.relativelyhighwagelevelsforalldomesticworkers.
B.awiderselectionofproductsforconsumers
C.increasedcompetitionforworldproducers.
D.theutilizationofthemostefficientproductionprocesses.
E.Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
A
Inordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleast____unitlaborrequirements
A.one
B.two
C.three
A.four
B.five
Answer:
D
7.Acountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseit
D.isproducingexportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcouldalternatively.
E.isproducingimportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcoulddomestically.
F.isproducingexportsusingfewerlaborunits.
G.isproducingimportsindirectlyusingfewerlaborunits.
H.Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
B
8.AnationengagingintradeaccordingtotheRicardianmodelwillfinditsconsumptionbundle
A.insideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.
B.onitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.
C.outsideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.
D.insideitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.
E.onitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.
Answer:
C
9.IfaverysmallcountrytradeswithaverylargecountryaccordingtotheRicardianmodel,then
A.thesmallcountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.
B.thelargecountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.
C.thesmallcountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.
D.thelargecountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.
E.Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
10.IftheworldtermsoftradeforacountryaresomewherebetweenthedomesticcostratioofHandthatofF,then
A.country