大学英语四级阅读30Word格式文档下载.docx

大学英语四级阅读30Word格式文档下载.docx

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sanexampleofwhatpsychologistscall"

denial,"

adefencemechanismthatminimizesuncomfortableinformation.Denial,theyhaveargued,isstupid,self-defeatingandultimatelydangerous.

ButresearchisshowingthatanswerBisafasterroutetorecovery.Denial—ofacertainsortandatcertaintimes—canbehealthy.Ofcourse,youdoneedtopayattentiontosomeunpleasantfacts.Thetrickistoknowwhenit'

shelpfultoworryandwhenit'

scounterproductive.

Out-and-outdenialmaybethebestapproachtosurgery,accordingtoRichardS.Lazarus,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.WithFrancesCohen,Lazarusstudied61patientsabouttoundergooperations（allrelativelycommonoperations）.Ingeneral,patientsfollowedoneoftwomentalstrategies;

"

avoidance"

or"

vigilance."

Typically,avoidershadnotdiscussedtheirsurgeryindetailwithanyone,didn'

twanttoknowaboutitanddidn'

tdwelluponitsrisks.

Incontrast,vigilanttypeswerealerttoeverydetail.Manysoughtoutarticlesabouttheirdisorders.Theywantedtoknowtherisksofsurgery,therisksifsurgerywasnotperformed,thesurgicalprocedures,thepotentialcomplicationsandthelikelihoodofrecurrence.

WhenLazarusandCohencomparedthetwogroupsaftersurgery,theyfoundthatavoidersgotonmuchbetter.Theyhadalowerincidenceofpostoperativecomplicationssuchasnausea（恶心）,headache,feverandinfection.Thenetresult:

theyweredischargedsooner.

Onereasonmaybethattheirdenialmakeroomforhope,oratleastforapositiveoutlook,evenunderthegrimmestofconditions."

Neverdenythediagnosis,butdodenythenegativeopinionthatmaygowithit,"

advisesNormanCousins,authorofAnatomyofanIllnessandTheHealingHeart.Why?

Becausegrimwarningsaboutdiseasescomefromstatisticsontheaveragecase.Cousinsbelievesthatmostpatients,givenhopeanddetermination,haveagoodchancetotranscendtheaverages.

AddsDr.Hackett:

Deniersseethemachinesthey'

rehookeduptoashelpingthemtogetwell,notasasignofabadlyfunctioningheart.Thosewhofeelmostpositiveabouttheirabilitytogetwelltendtodobetterthanthosewhofearandworrymore."

Ofcourse,noneoftheseresearcherswouldconcludethatdenialisthebestapproachtoallmedicalmatters.Adiabeticmustmonitorbloodsugar;

akidneypatientmustkeeptrackofdialysis（透析）;

awomanwhofindsalumpinherbreastmustnotdelayinhavingitdiagnosed.

Thequestiontoaskyourself,Dr.Lazarusexplains,iswhethertheinformationyougatherwillhelpyousolveaproblem,orwhetherthereislittleyoucandotochangethings.Inthefirstcase,payattentionandact.Inthesecondcase,don'

tbecomepreoccupiedwiththerisks;

anxietycanworsenyourhealth.

Dr.HerbertBenson,associateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchool,pointsoutthattheoverlyvigilantpatient'

scentralnervoussystembecomesarousedintothefight-or-flightresponse.Butsinceallthepatientcandoisliethere,hisbodysufferstheclassicdamagesofstress.

Whilestudyingpeople'

sreactionstomedicalstress,TempleUniversitypsychologistSuzanneMillerandUniversityofPennsylvaniagynecologiconcologist（妇科肿瘤学）CharlesE.Manganplaced40womenabouttoundergocolposcopy（阴道镜检查）intwodifferentgroups,accordingtotheircopingstyle.

Miller'

smaininterestwastoseewhetheranyofthesewomenwouldcopebetteriftheyhadextrainformation.Shegavehalfofeachgroupvoluminousdetailsaboutwhatwouldhappenandhowtheywouldfeel;

shegavetherestonlythebasicfacts.Overall,theresultsreinforcedthebenefitsofavoidance.Thewomengivenminimalinformationfeltmorerelaxedthroughouttheprocedurethanthewomenwhoknewmore.（Oddlyenough,thegroupdesiringinformationcomplainedthattheywouldhavelikedevenmore.Theveryactofgatheringdetailsseemedtomakethemlessanxious.）

sresearchshowsthatdifferentpeoplereacttonewsabouttheirsituationsinverydifferentways.Thatmeans,shesuggests,thatpeopleshouldseekasmuchoraslittleinformationastheirindividualcopingstyledictates.

Doestheresearchondenialmeanweshouldregress（倒退）tothedayswhenphysiciansusedtosay,"

ttellpatientsanything,becausetheydon'

treallywanttoknow?

"

Hardly.Peoplehavearighttoknowwhatisgoingtohappentothem,andtotakepartindecisionsabouttheirtreatment.Butpatientscangetnecessaryinformationwithoutlearningalotofnerve-rackingdetailstheydon'

tneed.

Forexample,aphysiciancansay:

YouhaveasuspiciousPaptest.Thenextprocedureiscalledcolposcopy;

itwilltakefifteenminutes."

Thedoctordoesn'

tneedtodescribeeverythingacolposcopedoes,feelslikeormightfind.Similarly,awomanshouldseekalltheoptionsifshehasasuspiciousPaptest,butonceshemakesadecision,sheshouldnotbeobsessedaboutit.

Youcouldsummarizetheresearchinasetofguidelines:

•Ingeneral,itisbesttoblockoutmedicalthreatsandworrieswhenthereisnothingyoucandoaboutthem—say,afteryou'

vedecidedtoundergosurgery.Don'

tdwellonallthatcouldgowrongorvisualizeeveryfearfuldetail;

concentrateinsteadonwhatislikelytogoright.

•Bevigilantaboutmattersthatyoucancontrol,suchaspayingattentiontosignsofillness.

•Findoutyourpersonaldispositiontoavoiddetailsortoacquireallinformationpossible,andletyourowninclinationbeyourguide—butonlyuptoapoint."

Manyofthosewhogatheranyandallfactsareputtingthemselvesthroughmorestressthantheyneedto,"

Millersays.Sheadvisesthemtolearnwhentheirapproachwillonlyincreasetheiranxiety.Inthosecases,they'

ddobettertoturnofftheirradar.Ontheotherhand,avoidersshouldrecognizewhenitisvaluabletogathermorefactsthantheymightliketo.

Thebasicadviceisclear:

don'

tfeelguiltyifyoudecidetotaketherosyview.Concentratingonthepositiveturnsouttobemedicallysound.

1.Itissuggestedinthepassagethatifyouwereavigilantpatient,youshouldlearntoadoptanewstrategyofavoidancebecauseitbringsyoulessstress.

2.Thedoctorsarediscoveringthatthebestmedicineisoftensimplytodenytheworstandexpectthebest.

3.Millerdividedthewomenpatientsintotwogroupsatwillandprovidedeachgroupwitheitherdetailedorbasicinformationinordertofindoutwhowouldgetonbetter.

4.Basedonthefindingsoftheresearches,doctorsfindithardtodecidewhethertheyshouldtellpatientsanythingabouttheirillness.

5.Psychologistshavechangedtheiropinionthatitisstupidanddangerousforpeopletodenyuncomfortableinformation.

6.Atipforbothdeniersandvigilantpatientsis:

avoiddetailsoracquiremuchinformationfollowingyourowncopingstyle,butonlytoacertainpoint.

7.Itisunnecessaryforpatientstogetinformationabouttheirdisordersbecausethereisnothingtheycandoabouttheirillness.

8.Patientsgenerallyfallintotwogroups:

_______and_______.

9."

Adiabeticmustmonitorbloodsugar;

helpsexplainthat_______toallcases.

10.Allpatientsshouldpayattentionto_______.

Passage2

Likemostparents,geologistBrainAtwaterworriesabouthisdaughter'

ssafety.Butthesedays,hehasanunusualconcern;

Thepublicschoolshe11inSeattlehasunreinforcedbrickwalls,a12beingeasytocollapseduringearthquakes.Thesame13ofwallscrushedhundredsofthousandsofpeopleduringthe1976TangshanquakeinChina.

Adecadeago,Atwaterwouldhavepaidlittlenoticetoschoolroomwalls.Butoverthelastseveralyears,heandotherscientistshavefound14signsthatthePacificNorthwesthasexperiencedgiantquakesinthedistantpastandthattheareamaybeheadedforadestructiveshockinthenearfuture.

AtameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnioninDecember,researchersdiscussedthe15uncoveredevidenceofquakepotentialinthePacificNorthwest.Whilesomeremainunconvincedthathugeearthquakes—withmagnitudesof8orhigher—doindeed16thisregion,agrowingnumberconsidersuchshocksaseriouspossibility.

What'

sworrisome,theysay,isthatnorthwesterncitiessuchasPortland,SeattleandVancouverhavenotpreparedforearthquakesofthismagnitude,whichcouldshaketheregion'

s17centerswithenoughforcetomaketherecentSanFranciscoareadamageseem18incomparison.

Ithinkit'

squitetruetosaythatnothinghasreallybeendesignedwithoneoftheseearthquakesinmind,"

saysseismologistPaulSomervilleofWoodward.Atthemeeting,Somervilleandhiscolleagues19estimatesofthedegreeofshaking.PortlandandSeattlewouldsufferduringsucha20earthquake.

A.massive

B.

recently

C.

construction

D.

displayed

E.relatively

F.

attends

G.

type

H.

strike

I.structure

J.

participates

K.

excessive

L.

mild

M.disturbing

N.

population

0.

presented

Passage3

Whatdowethinkwith?

Onlythebrain?

Hardly.Thebrainislikeatelephoneexchange.Itistheswitchboard,butnotthewholesystem.Itsfunctionistoreceiveincomingsignals,makeproperconnection,andsendthemessagesthroughtotheirdestination.Forefficientservice,thebodymustfunctionasawhole.

Butwhereisthe"

mind"

?

Isitinthebrain?

Orperhapsinthenervoussystem?

Afterall,canwesaythatthemindisinanyparticularplace?

Itisnotathing,likealeg,oreventhebrain.It