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LoughNeagh
TheRiverThames:
①thelongestriverinEnglandandthesecondlongestintheUnitedKingdom②ahistoricallandmarkinthecityofLondon.Climate:
Temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitation,Winterfog,Rainydays,Instability/Changeability
MajorCities:
LondonisthecapitalofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom,thepolitical,industrial,culturalandfinancialcenterofthecountry,alsoistheoneoftheworld’sleadingbankingandfinancialcenters.
(BigBen,WestminsterAbbey,ThePalaceofWestminster,Guildhall,HydeParis,BuckinghamPalace,TowerBridge,LondonEye)
◆EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland.thecityisadministrative,financial,legal,medicalandinsurancecenterofScotland,ithasbeautifulsceneryandrenownedarchitecture
Landmarks&SymbolsofEdinburgh:
Edinburghcastle,PalaceofHolyrood.
◆CardiffisthecapitalcityofWalesfor58years,istheyoungestcapitalcityinEurope.oneofthemostfashionablecitiesintheUnitedKingdom.
◆BelfastisthelargestcityandthecapitalofnorthernIreland,isanimportanthistoriccity.
1.1.2People
Overallpopulation:
about63million
Immigrants:
Italians,Greeks,Australians,NewZealanders,etc.
1.1.3Language
OldEnglish(5th~11th)
MiddleEnglish(11th~15th)
ModernEnglish(15th~)
StandardEnglish
1.2History
1.2.1TheFoundingoftheNation
RomanBritainandtheAnglo-Saxons:
PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)
CelticBritain(5th—8thCenturyBC)
ThenameofBritain—Britons
RomanBritain(43AD—5thCentury)
JuliusCaesarinvadedBritain
TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th—8thCentury)
Germanicpeople&
English&
RomanChristianty
St.Augustine:
foundedtheChristianchurchinsouthernEngland
DanishInvasion(8thCentury—1066)
AlfredtheGreat
TheNormanConquest
ThemilitaryconquestofEnglandbyWilliam
FeudalSociety:
GreatCharterBrithofParliamentHundredYears’War(1337-1453)TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485)
1.2.2TransitiontotheModernAge
ReligiousReformation
2religiouscamps:
CatholicandProtestant
Immediatecause:
HerryVIII’sdivorce
ActofSupremacy:
HerryVIII—“theonlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland”
Inessence,theReformationwasapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise.
GoldenAgeofEnglishHistory
TheCivilWar
Thecivilwar(1642-1651):
themonarchywasabolished
TheCommonwealth(1649-1660)
ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.
RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution
1661,CharlesII:
torestoretheoldsocialorder
1685,JamesII:
toreestablishCatholicism
BillofRights:
limitingthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteeingtheauthorityofParliament
TheIndustrialRevolution
SevenYear’sWar(1756-1763)
TheIndustrialRevoltuiontookplacefirstinBritainforthefollowingreasons:
hugemarket
1.2.3TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire
FirstBritishEmpire:
19thCentury
SecondBritishEmpireduringtheVictorianAge:
Mid-andlate-19thCentury
MostcountriessupporttheAlliesPowersandAlliesPowerswon.ThecostofthewarforBritainiwasgreat.
Germany-launchingaplantoconquerEurope
Britain-appeasement
TheFalloftheEmpire:
Independencemovement—India,Pakistan,Burma,Malaya,andEgyt
1.2.4BritainsinceWorldWarII
1.3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth
1.3.1Constitution
BritishConstitutionismadeupof:
StatutoryLaw/CommonLaw/Conventions
1.3.2Government
TheLegislature(BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment)
Parliament(thelaw-makingbodyofBritain&
theparliamentconsistsoftheKingorQueen,theHouseofLords,theHouseofCommons)
Queen(QueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”)
TheHouseoftheLords(theUpperHouse):
TheHouseofCommons:
topasslaws,billsandactsofParliament/toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernment/toinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy)
TheExecutive:
headofthegovernment
TheCabinet:
supremedecision-makingbodyintheBritishgovernmentPrivyCouncil(itsmaindutyistogiveadvice)
TheJudiciary(twobranchesoflaw:
Civillaw&
Criminallaw)
1.3.3PoliticalParties
OverallIntroduction
ComparativeDescriptiononthetwomajorparties
ConservativeParty
LaborParty
Development
FromTories(apoliticalgroupwhichappearedunderKingCharlesII)
ByUnionists,liberals,socialistsandtheFabianSociety
Time
Themiddleofthe19thcentury(old)
In1990(young)
Characteristics
RightwingpartyTheystandforprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.
LeftwingpartyTheystandfornationalandcommunalgrowth.
Supporters
Middle&
upper-middleclassPeopleofhigherposition
Workingcalssandcommonpeoplerelativelypoororunderprivileged
Right(MargaretThatcher)
Left(TonyBlair/GordonBrown)
1.3.4Election
Heldeveryfiveyearsinthe646constituencies
1.3.5TheCommonwealth
OriginoftheCommonwealth:
in1949,”British”wasdroppedfromthetitleof“Commonwealth”theLondonDeclarationacceptedandrecognizedIndia’scontinuedmembershipasarepublic.From1960onwards,newmembersjoinedtheCommonwealth.
CharacteristicsandFunctions:
avoluntaryassociationoftheindependentsovereignstates/toadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthofitsmembers
Members:
anorganizationcomposedof53statesin2005/apopulationofapproximately1.8billionpeople,some30percentoftheworld’stotalpopulation
Organizations:
TheheadquartersarealllocatedinLondon/theCommonwealthSecretariat/CommonwealthMinisters’Meetingheldannually.
CommonwealthDay:
thesecondMondayinMarcheveryyear/anopportunitytopromoteunderstandingofglobalissues,internatonalcooperationandtheeffortstoimprovethelivesofits1.8billioncitizens.
1.4Economy
1.4.1RecentHistoryofBritishEconomy
Groupof8:
aforumforthegovernmentsoftheworld’seightwealthiestcountiresthatoriginatedin1975.
Economicdecline(afterworldwarII)causes:
twoworldwargreateconomiclossBritainfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWarII
Policies:
(mixedeconomy)&
duringthe20thcenturythegovernmenthasbecomeinvolvedintheeconomythroughintroductionofsocialwelfarepoliciesandlawstoregulateindustrialrelations.
1945-1979:
result:
Britain’seconomicgrowthfellbehindthatofwesternEuropeancountries
1979-1997:
Britain’seconomicgrowthstilllaggedbehind/in1997,thelaborpartyTonyBlair(the“ThirdWay”)Result:
Britain’seconomicgrowthsurpassedothermajorEuropeancountries
1.4.2CurrentBritishEconomy
Theworld’sfifthlargesteconomy
NaturalResources&
Infrastructures:
Principalresources—oilandgas/Largeamountofcoal
Agriculture:
Mildclimate-favorableenvironmentforagricultureandstockraising.
EnergyProduction:
(Shell、BritishPetroleum、BritishGas)
Servicesindustries:
thestrongestperformingsectorintheUKeconomy.
Finance:
Londonknownastheworld’sleadinginternationalfinancialcentre
TheLondonforeignexchangemarketisthelargestintheworld
FundManagementSecuritiesDealing
1.5Education,MediaandHoliday
1.5.1Education
EducationPolicy:
CompulsoryeducationComprehensiveschools/Grammarschools/Vocationalschools
Subjects:
mathematics,English,science,geography,history,technology,music,arts,physicaleducationandaforeignlanguage.
EducationalSystem
PrimaryandSecondaryEducation:
(Statesystem—localauthoritymaintained/Independentsystem—Publicschools)
Independentsystem——famousschools:
Eton,HarrowandWinchester
Nationalcurriculum
HigherEducation
1.5.2Media
Newspapers—longestablishedindustry
theworld’soldestSundaynewspaper)
TheTimes
TelevisionandBroadcast
TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)1936
IndependentTelevision(ITV)1955
1.5.3HolidaysandFestival
Christmas:
celebrationofthebrithofJesusChrist
BoxingDay:
thedayfollowingChristmasday
Easter:
theoldestandmostimportantChristianfestival
Nationalfestival:
onNovember5
BonfireNight:
lighthugebonfire
Mother’sDay:
firstcelebratedin1908
AprilFools’Day:
playingpracticaljokesonthisday.
RemembranceSunday:
heldonthesecondSundayinNovember
1.6Literature
TheOldEnglishPeriodandMiddleEnglishPeriod(450-1500)
TheOldEnglishPeriod:
theepicBeowulf
TheMiddleEnglishPeriod:
WiththeNormaConquestin1066,BritianenteredtheMiddleAges(1066-1485)
GeoffreyChaucer
TheRenaissance(1500-1660)
Sonnet:
oftheItalianorigin,oneofthebest-knownsonnetwritersisWillianShakespeare,whowrote154ofthem.
Drama:
ThehighestgloryoftheEnglishRenaissanceisdrama
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616):
wasborninthathouseonHenleyStreetinStratford-upon-AvoninApril1564.
Comedy:
amidsummermight’sdream(1595)/themerchantofVenice(1598)
Tragedies:
Hamlet(1601)/RemeoandJuliet(1597)
TheNeo-ClassicalPeriod(1660-1785)
HistoricalBackground
Representatives
JohnMilton:
(1608-1674)ParadiseLost
AlexanderPope:
(1688-1744)thefirstEnglishpoetwhocouldlivedoffthesalesofhisworks
JonathanSwift:
(1667-1745)Yahoo
DanielDefoe:
(1660-1731)RobinsonCrusoe
TheRomanticPeriod(1785-1830)
PioneersofRomanticPoets
Pioneers:
WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)&
SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)
DeclarationofIndependenceofromanticpoetry—LyricalBallads(1798)
TheMajor“SecondGeneration”ofRomanticPoets:
GeogreGordonByron(1788-1824)
J