中国矿业大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Word格式.docx
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sevents.
PartTwoReadingComprehension(40points)
PassageOne
Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Theenergycrisis,whichisbeingfeltaroundtheworld,hasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth'
sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransport,withitsincreaseofmorecars,morehighways,morepollution,moresuburbs,morecommuting,hascontributedtotheneardestructionofourcities.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis.
Ourpresentsituationisunlikewar,revolutionordepression.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelongrangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstate,whichendangersthefutureofourcountry,ourchildren,andourearth,butamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.
Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossofmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatanypeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.
Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanet,whosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcourse,tochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity.
Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingus—andtheworld—isacrisisthatisnopassinginconvenience,noby-productoftheambitionsoftheoilproducingcountries,noenvironmentalists'
merefears,noby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnology,butitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld'
schildrenandfuturegeneration.
1.Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities?
A.Lackoffinancialplanning.
B.Thebreakupofthefamily.
C.Naturaldisastersinmanyregions.
D.Theexcessivegrowthofmotors.
2.Theauthorinthesecondparagraphstateswhatweneedinourpresentsituationis______.
A.acontinuationofourpresentseriousstate
B.worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyuse
C.amovementforwardtoanewnormtoplanetresearchwork
D.astatewherelongrangeplanningisessentialtous
3.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisoneexampleofourlossofmorality?
A.Disregardforlaw.
B.Lackofdevotion.
C.Lackofcooperation.
D.Exploitationofresources.
4.Bycomparingpastproblemswithpresentones,theauthordrawsattentiontothe______.
A.significanceofthiscrisis
B.inadequacyofgovernments
C.similarityofthepasttothepresent
D.hopelessnessofthesituation
5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatcontributiondoestheauthorfeelpeoplemustnowmake?
A.Searchfornewenergysources.
B.Outlawmotortransportation.
C.Acceptanewlifestyle.
D.Adoptanewformofgovernment.
PassageTwo
Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Futuristshaveidentifiedtwochangesthatseemtobecentraltocontemporarysociallife.First,theUnitedStatesisbeingrestructuredfromanindustrialtoaninformationsociety.Second,modernsocietiesareincreasinglyshiftingfromanationaltoaglobaleconomy.Futuristshaveappliedagoodmanymetaphorstothesechanges,includingDanielBell'
s“postindustrialsociety”,AlvinToffier'
s“thethirdwave”andJohnNaisbitt'
s“megatrends”.CommontothesemetaphorsisthenotionthatAmericansocietyisshiftingfromtheproductionofgoodstotheproductionofservicesandfromsocietybasedonthecoordinationofpeopleandmachinestoasocietyorganizedaroundknowledge.Thesechanges,itiscontended,willaffordamyriadofchoices.Theworldwillincreasinglybeoneofmanyflavors,notjustvanilla(香草)orchocolate.
ManyobserversofcontemporaryAmericanlifebelievethatwearewitnessingahistoricalchangeandthefirstmajorimpactoftheshiftfromanenergyeconomytoaninformationeconomy.For300yearstechnologyhasbeencastinamechanicalmodel,onebasedonthecombustionprocessesthatgooninsideastarlikethesun.Thesteamengineopenedthemechanicalage,anditreacheditspeakwiththediscoveryofnuclearfissionandnuclearfusion,whichreplicatedtheenergyproducingprocessesofastar.Wenowseemtobemovingtowardabiologicalmodelbasedoninformationandinvolvingtheintensiveuseofmaterials.Althoughbiologicalprocessesneedphysicalenergyandmaterials,theytendtosubstituteinformationforboth.Biologicalprocesses“miniaturize”size,energy,andmaterialsby“exploding”information.Thehumanbrainissometentimesthesizeandweightofthebrainofalemur,butithandlesabilliontimesmoreinformation.Asaresult,hightechindustriesareinformationintensiveratherthanenergyormaterialintensive.
Sociologistshaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplayanimportantroleinassessingandinterpretingthesedevelopmentsandotheraspectsofchange.
6.Itcanbeinferredthatunderlyingthetwochangesisthechangeof______.
A.theinstrumentofproductionB.thesizeofthesociety
C.thesocialstructureD.theeconomicmarket
7.Withwhatdoesthemechanicalagereachitshighestpoint?
A.Thesteamengine.B.Nuclearpowerproduction.
C.Thecombustionprocess.D.Theenergyproducingprocessofthesun.
8.Withthecomingoftheinformationage,thesocietyisbecoming______.
A.moreintolerable.B.larger.
C.morevaried.D.amorepleasantplace.
9.Whatcharacterizestheinformationsociety?
A.Theamountofknowledgetobelearned.
B.Physicalenergyandmaterials.
C.Rapidchangeanditssocialeffects.
D.Smallsizeandhighcapacity.
10.Whatistheattitudeoftheauthortowardsthefunctionofsociologistsinthegreatchanges?
A.Critical.B.Positive.C.Negative.D.Indifferent.
PassageThree
Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Inthepastoysterswereraisedinmuchthesamewayasdirtfarmersraisedtomatoes—bytransplantingthem.First,farmersselectedtheoysterbed,clearedthebottomofoldshellsandotherremains,andthenscatteredcleanshellsabout.Nextthey“planted”fertilizedoystereggs,whichwithintwoorthreeweekshatchedintolarvae.Thelarvaedrifteduntiltheyattachedthemselvestothecleanshellsonthebottom.Theretheyremainedandintimegrewintobabyoysterscalledseedorspat(贝卵).Thespatgrewlargerbydrawinginseawaterfromwhichtheyderivedmicroscopicparticlesoffood.Beforelong,farmersgatheredthebabyoysters,transplantedtheminotherwaterstospeeduptheirgrowth,andthentransplantedthemoncemoreintoanotherbodyofwatertofattenthemup.
Untilrecentlythesupplyofwildoystersandthosecrudelyfarmedweremorethanenoughtosatisfypeople'
sneeds.Buttodaythedeliciousseafoodisnolongeravailableinabundance.Theproblemhasbecomesoseriousthatsomeoysterbedshavevanishedentirely.
Fortunately,asfarbackastheearly1900'
smarinebiologistsrealizedthatifnewmeasureswerenottaken,oysterswouldbecomeextinctoratbestaluxuryfood.Sotheysetupwell-quippedhatcheriesandwenttowork.Buttheydidnothavetheproperequipmentortheskilltohandletheeggs.Theydidnotknowwhen,what,andhowtofeedthelarvae.Andtheyknewlittleaboutthepredatorsthatattackedandatebabyoystersbythemillions.Theyfailed,buttheydoggedly(努力)keptatit.Finally,inthe1940'
sasignificantbreakthroughwasmade.
Themarinebiologistsdiscoveredthatbyraisingthetemperatureofthewater,theycouldinduceoysterstolayeggsnotonlyinthesummerbutalsointhefall,winter,andspring.Latertheydevelopedatechniqueforfeedingthelarvaeandrearingthemtospat.Goingstillfurther,th