中国矿业大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Word格式.docx

中国矿业大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Word格式.docx

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sevents.

PartTwoReadingComprehension（40points）

PassageOne

Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Theenergycrisis,whichisbeingfeltaroundtheworld,hasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth'

sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransport,withitsincreaseofmorecars,morehighways,morepollution,moresuburbs,morecommuting,hascontributedtotheneardestructionofourcities.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis.

Ourpresentsituationisunlikewar,revolutionordepression.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelongrangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstate,whichendangersthefutureofourcountry,ourchildren,andourearth,butamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.

Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossofmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatanypeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.

Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanet,whosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcourse,tochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity.

Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingus—andtheworld—isacrisisthatisnopassinginconvenience,noby-productoftheambitionsoftheoilproducingcountries,noenvironmentalists'

merefears,noby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnology,butitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld'

schildrenandfuturegeneration.

1．Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities?

A．Lackoffinancialplanning.

B．Thebreakupofthefamily.

C．Naturaldisastersinmanyregions.

D．Theexcessivegrowthofmotors.

2．Theauthorinthesecondparagraphstateswhatweneedinourpresentsituationis______.

A．acontinuationofourpresentseriousstate

B．worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyuse

C．amovementforwardtoanewnormtoplanetresearchwork

D．astatewherelongrangeplanningisessentialtous

3．Accordingtotheauthor,whatisoneexampleofourlossofmorality?

A．Disregardforlaw.

B．Lackofdevotion.

C．Lackofcooperation.

D．Exploitationofresources.

4．Bycomparingpastproblemswithpresentones,theauthordrawsattentiontothe______.

A．significanceofthiscrisis

B．inadequacyofgovernments

C．similarityofthepasttothepresent

D．hopelessnessofthesituation

5．Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatcontributiondoestheauthorfeelpeoplemustnowmake?

A．Searchfornewenergysources.

B．Outlawmotortransportation.

C．Acceptanewlifestyle.

D．Adoptanewformofgovernment.

PassageTwo

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Futuristshaveidentifiedtwochangesthatseemtobecentraltocontemporarysociallife.First,theUnitedStatesisbeingrestructuredfromanindustrialtoaninformationsociety.Second,modernsocietiesareincreasinglyshiftingfromanationaltoaglobaleconomy.Futuristshaveappliedagoodmanymetaphorstothesechanges,includingDanielBell'

s“postindustrialsociety”,AlvinToffier'

s“thethirdwave”andJohnNaisbitt'

s“megatrends”.CommontothesemetaphorsisthenotionthatAmericansocietyisshiftingfromtheproductionofgoodstotheproductionofservicesandfromsocietybasedonthecoordinationofpeopleandmachinestoasocietyorganizedaroundknowledge.Thesechanges,itiscontended,willaffordamyriadofchoices.Theworldwillincreasinglybeoneofmanyflavors,notjustvanilla（香草）orchocolate.

ManyobserversofcontemporaryAmericanlifebelievethatwearewitnessingahistoricalchangeandthefirstmajorimpactoftheshiftfromanenergyeconomytoaninformationeconomy.For300yearstechnologyhasbeencastinamechanicalmodel,onebasedonthecombustionprocessesthatgooninsideastarlikethesun.Thesteamengineopenedthemechanicalage,anditreacheditspeakwiththediscoveryofnuclearfissionandnuclearfusion,whichreplicatedtheenergyproducingprocessesofastar.Wenowseemtobemovingtowardabiologicalmodelbasedoninformationandinvolvingtheintensiveuseofmaterials.Althoughbiologicalprocessesneedphysicalenergyandmaterials,theytendtosubstituteinformationforboth.Biologicalprocesses“miniaturize”size,energy,andmaterialsby“exploding”information.Thehumanbrainissometentimesthesizeandweightofthebrainofalemur,butithandlesabilliontimesmoreinformation.Asaresult,hightechindustriesareinformationintensiveratherthanenergyormaterialintensive.

Sociologistshaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplayanimportantroleinassessingandinterpretingthesedevelopmentsandotheraspectsofchange.

6．Itcanbeinferredthatunderlyingthetwochangesisthechangeof______.

A．theinstrumentofproductionB．thesizeofthesociety

C．thesocialstructureD．theeconomicmarket

7．Withwhatdoesthemechanicalagereachitshighestpoint?

A．Thesteamengine.B．Nuclearpowerproduction.

C．Thecombustionprocess.D．Theenergyproducingprocessofthesun.

8．Withthecomingoftheinformationage,thesocietyisbecoming______.

A．moreintolerable.B．larger.

C．morevaried.D．amorepleasantplace.

9．Whatcharacterizestheinformationsociety?

A．Theamountofknowledgetobelearned.

B．Physicalenergyandmaterials.

C．Rapidchangeanditssocialeffects.

D．Smallsizeandhighcapacity.

10．Whatistheattitudeoftheauthortowardsthefunctionofsociologistsinthegreatchanges?

A．Critical.B．Positive.C．Negative.D．Indifferent.

PassageThree

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Inthepastoysterswereraisedinmuchthesamewayasdirtfarmersraisedtomatoes—bytransplantingthem.First,farmersselectedtheoysterbed,clearedthebottomofoldshellsandotherremains,andthenscatteredcleanshellsabout.Nextthey“planted”fertilizedoystereggs,whichwithintwoorthreeweekshatchedintolarvae.Thelarvaedrifteduntiltheyattachedthemselvestothecleanshellsonthebottom.Theretheyremainedandintimegrewintobabyoysterscalledseedorspat（贝卵）.Thespatgrewlargerbydrawinginseawaterfromwhichtheyderivedmicroscopicparticlesoffood.Beforelong,farmersgatheredthebabyoysters,transplantedtheminotherwaterstospeeduptheirgrowth,andthentransplantedthemoncemoreintoanotherbodyofwatertofattenthemup.

Untilrecentlythesupplyofwildoystersandthosecrudelyfarmedweremorethanenoughtosatisfypeople'

sneeds.Buttodaythedeliciousseafoodisnolongeravailableinabundance.Theproblemhasbecomesoseriousthatsomeoysterbedshavevanishedentirely.

Fortunately,asfarbackastheearly1900'

smarinebiologistsrealizedthatifnewmeasureswerenottaken,oysterswouldbecomeextinctoratbestaluxuryfood.Sotheysetupwell-quippedhatcheriesandwenttowork.Buttheydidnothavetheproperequipmentortheskilltohandletheeggs.Theydidnotknowwhen,what,andhowtofeedthelarvae.Andtheyknewlittleaboutthepredatorsthatattackedandatebabyoystersbythemillions.Theyfailed,buttheydoggedly（努力）keptatit.Finally,inthe1940'

sasignificantbreakthroughwasmade.

Themarinebiologistsdiscoveredthatbyraisingthetemperatureofthewater,theycouldinduceoysterstolayeggsnotonlyinthesummerbutalsointhefall,winter,andspring.Latertheydevelopedatechniqueforfeedingthelarvaeandrearingthemtospat.Goingstillfurther,th