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Thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.
3.TheRenaissance,thereforeinessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandScholarsmadeattempttogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinMedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedthepurityoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
Thereligiousreformationintheearly16th-centuryEnglandwasareflectionoftheclassstruggleswagedbytherisingbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalclassanditsideology
4.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance
Theessenceofhumanismistoemphasizehumanqualities
(1)Capableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection.
(2)Theyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebytoquestion,exploreandenjoy.
(3)TomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativeoftheEnglishhumanist.
5Metaphysicalpoetry:
Metaphysicalischaracterizedbypassionatethoughtsuccessionofconcentratedimage,exerciseofelaborateingenuityand“wit”,JohnDonnewasthefamousoftheMetaphysicalpoet.TheMetaphysicalPoetsweremenoflearningandtoshowtheirlearningwastheirendeavor.
EdmundSpenser
Masterpiece:
TheFaerieQueene(allegory)
ChristopherMarlowe(Universitywits)
1Importantplays:
Tambulaine,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMalta
2MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceofinfinitepowersandauthority
(1)Perfectedtheblankverse.
(2)CreationoftheRenaissanceherotoEnglishdrama,itembodiesMarlowe’sidealofhumandignityandcapacity.
3Dr.Faustus:
aspiringforknowledge,theplay’sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious,itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness,italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorderandtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.
4ThestatementthatamangainedthewholeworldbutlosthisownsoulmakesagoodsummaryofthemainplotofTheTragicHistoryofDoctorFaustus
WilliamShakespeare
1.
Works:
154sonnets,38plays,2longpoems
Comedy:
MerchantofVenice.
24greattragedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth
Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacetheinjusticeofhumanfateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation;
eachherohashisweaknessofnature.
Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind:
Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;
oldKingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreachery(背叛)andinfidelity(失真)
Macbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrime.
3statementsbestillustratesthethemeofShakespeare’sSonnet18:
Thespeakerpraisesthepowerofartisticcreation.
FrancisBacon
1Masterpiece:
Essay;
NovumOrganum.(新工具)
2NovumOrganum:
mostimpressivedisplayofBeacon’sintellect.Theargumentisfortheuseofinductivenessofreasoninscientificstudy.
3Beaconsuggeststheinductivereasoning,i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning,i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular.
4Beacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.
JohnDonne
Metaphysicalpoetry
ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne’spoetryispreciselyitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.
Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits.
JohnMilton
Threemajorpoeticalworks:
Paradiselost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonists
ThefreedomofthewillisthekeytoneofMilton’screed.
ParadiseLost
TheepicisthemasterpieceofJohnMilton
ThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtellshowSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,temptsAdamandEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausestheFallofMan.
TheNeoclassicPeriod
JohnBunyan/AlexanderPope/DanielDefoe/JonathanSwift
HenryFielding/SamuelJohnson/RichardBrinsleySheridan
TomasGray
1BetweenthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationoflyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798
2EnlightenmentortheAgeofreason
TheEnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime
Itsproposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenmentcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrule,yieldplaceto“eternaltruth”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”
Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualisticandimperfectliteratureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing.
Theybelievedinself-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork.Towork,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewealthconstitutesthewholemeaningoftheirlife.Thisaspectofsociallifeisbest-formedintherealisticnovelsofthe18thcentury.
3Inthefieldofliterature,theybelievedthattheartisticshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.Seekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpression,inanefforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings.
4Neoclassicism.InEnglishliteratureand,thestylistictrendbetweentheRestorationandtheadventofromanticismatthebeginningofthe19thcenturyisreferredtoasNeoclassicism.
5Heroic:
Itisapairofrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.TheformwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucerandwidelyusedsubsequently.
JohnBunyan
1.Masterpiece:
Thepilgrim’sprogress
2.
The“vanityfair”symbolizeshumanworld;
forallthatcomthisvanityeverythingandanythinginthisworldisvanity,havingnovalueandnomeaning.
3.
InThePilgrim’sProgress,JohnBanyandescribesTheVanityFairinasatiricaltone.
Thephrase"
tourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandtoseeksalvationthroughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils"
maywellsumuptheimpliedmeaningof
ThePilgrim’sProgress
AlexanderPope
1Pope,averysensitiveman,wouldstrikebackhard,andintheconstantverbalbattleshedevelopedastyleofbitingsatire.
2HewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,butwasnotentirelyblindtotherapidmoral,politicalandculturaldeterioration.
3Forhimthesupremevalueswereorder-cosmicorder,politicalorder,socialorder,aestheticorder,andthisemphasisanorderexpressioninallofhisworks.PopemadehisnameasagreatpoetwiththepublicationofanEssayonCriticismin1711.
4PopestronglyadvocatedNeoclassicism,emphasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedbyclassicalruleoforder,reason,logic,restrainedemotion,goodtasteanddecorum.
DanielDefoe
RobinsonCrusoe
Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquial(口语的)andmostvernacular.Defoeglorifieshumanlaborandthepuritanfortitude.Itreferstheenterprisingspritofthemiddleclass.
JonathanSwift
1.Chiefworks:
ATaleofaTub,Thebattleofthebooks,TheDrapier’sletters,Gulliver’sTravelandamodestproposal.
2.Swiftisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces”clear,simple,concrete,diction,uncomplicatedsentencestructureandeconomyandconciseuseoflanguagemarkallhiswriting-essay,poemsandnovels.
3.Asawhole,thebookisonehavethemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlifesocially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientificallyandmorally.
HenryFielding
AHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling
2.Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”forhiscontributiontotheestablishmentoftheformofthemodernnovel.
3.Fielding’slanguageiseasy,unlaboredandfamiliarbutextremelyvividandvigorous.
4.Ofallthe18thcenturynovelist,hewasthefirsttosetoutbothintheoryandpractice.Towritespeciallya“comicepicinpoem”thefirsttogivethemodernnovelsitsstructureandstory;
heuseepistolaryformand“thethird-personnarration”.
5.Inplanninghisstories,hetriestoretainthegrand,epicaloftheclassicalworksbutatthesametimekeepsfaithfultohisrealisticpresentationofcommonlifeasitis.
SamuelJohnson
1.Lexicographer:
theauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionarybyanEnglishman---ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)
2.TotheRightHonorabletheEarlof----Chesterfield
3.Hewasparticularlyfondofmoralizing,anddidacticism.Hislanguageincharacteristicallygeneral,oftenLatinateandfrequentlypolysyllabic.
RichardBrinsleySheridan
Theschoolforscandal.
2SheridanhastheonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury;
import