Learn Latin2Word文档格式.docx
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.Thedog,however,is
the"
object"
oftheverb,sinceit'
stheobjectoftheaction.
AndinEnglish,wegenerallyshowthesefunctions--subjectand
object--bypositionrelativetotheverb.Thesubjectofthe
verbtendstocomebeforetheverb,theobjecttendstocome
afterit.
Butpositionisn'
ttheonlywayweshowwhichwordisthe
subjectandobjectofaverb.Nowconsiderthissentence:
HimI
like,themIdespise"
.Obviouslythissentencehasanusual
arrangementforrhetoricalpurposes,buthowcanyoutellwhois
doingwhattowhom?
EventhoughEnglishgrammarshows
grammaticalrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentencemainlyby
position,inmanyinstancesachangeintheworditselfprovides
youadditionalhelp.Theword"
him"
althoughitcomesfirstin
thesentence,isnotthesubjectbecauseitsform--"
insteadof"
he"
--isnottheoneusedtoindicatethatit'
sthe
subjectoftheverb.Weusetheform"
toshowthat.
Furthermore,theword"
I"
istheformweusewhenthefirst
personissubjectoftheverb.Hence,thewords"
and"
changetheirformsastheirgrammaticalfunctioninthesentence
changes.Thechangeinformofawordtoshowgrammatical
functionsiscalled"
inflection"
.
TheEnglishpersonalpronounschangequitealottoshowyouhow
they'
rebeingusedinthesentence.Watch.
FORMFUNCTION
Isubject
mypossessor（itowns
something
meobject（somethingis
beingdonetoit）
FirstPersonPronoun
wesubject
ourpossessor
usobject
yousubject
yourpossessor
youobject
SecondPersonPronoun
he,she,itsubject
his,her,itspossessor
him,her,itobject
ThirdPersonPronoun
theysubject
theirpossessor
themobject
Thisinflection（changeofformtoshowgrammatical
function）inthepronounsisveryusefulforhelpingusto
understandeachother--although,asyoucansee,thesecond
personpronoun"
you,etc"
doesn'
tinflectnearlysomuchasthe
firstandthird.Thepluralformsareevenidenticaltothe
singularforms.Wecanstillgetby.
InEnglish,inflectionisratherlimited,andwerelyon
positionmainlytotelluswhatthewordsinthesentenceare
doingtoeachother.Theonlygrammaticalfunctionsthatinvolve
achangeinformforallnounsisthepossessivecaseandthe
pluralforms,whereweattachan"
-s"
totheendoftheword.
（InwrittenEnglishweevenincludeanapostrophe"
'
"
markto
helpusseethedifferencebetweenapluralizednounandanoun
that'
sinthepossessivecase.）Forexample
SINGULARPLURAL
applesubjectapplessubject
apple'
spossessorapples'
possessor
appleobjectapplesobject
WatchhowwecombinepositionwithinflectioninEnglishtomake
sensetooneanother.Asyoucansee,positionistheprincipal
guide.
Theseapples'
[plural,possessor]coresarehard,but
apples[plural,subject]areusuallysoft.Whenyou
[singular,subject]buyapples[plural,object],you
[singular,subject]shouldfirstpickupeachapple
[object,singular]andbounceit[singular,object]off
thefloorseveraltimes.Thencheckits[singular,
possessor]skin.Ifit[singular,subject]isbruised,
discretelyputit[singular,object]backwiththe
otherapples[plural,object],makingcertainthatno
one[singular,subject]iswatchingyou[singular,
object]"
UnlikeEnglish,languageswhichrelyprimarilyoninflectionof
wordstoshowgrammaticalrelationshiparecalled"
inflected"
languages.English,thoughithassomeinflection,isnotan
inflectedlanguage.Latin,however,isaninflectedlanguage,
becauseitreliesalmostentirelyonchangesinthewords
themselvestoindicatetheirgrammaticalfunctioninasentence.
Thedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsawordcanhaveina
sentenceiscalled"
case"
.InEnglishtherearethree
recognizabledifferentcases,thatisgrammaticalfunctions,a
wordcanhave:
thesubjectivecase,thepossessivecase,andthe
objectivecase.SowesaytherearethreecasesinEnglish.In
Latintherearesixdifferencecases.HerearetheLatincases.
（Don'
ttrytomemorizethemallatoncehere.Justreadthrough
thelist;
therewillbeplentyoftimetofirmupyour
familiarityofthem.）
LATINAPPROXIMATEENGLISHEQUIVALENT
Nominative（Subjective）
Genitive（PossessiveCase）
Dative（Objectofwordslike"
to"
or"
for"
）
Accusative（ObjectiveCase）
Ablative（AdverbialUsages:
by"
"
with"
Vocative（DirectAddress）
We'
lllookatthewaythesecasesareusedinLatininthenext
partofthesenotes,althoughsomeofthemwon'
tbedifficultat
all:
thenominative,genitive,andaccusativecasesarealmost
thesameastheirEnglishcounterparts.Theablative,dativeand
vocativewillneedsomeexplanation.Beforethen,however,let'
s
lookathowaLatinnouninflectstoshowallthesedifferent
cases.
Let'
slookatsomeEnglishpronounswhichinflecttoshow
thethreedifferentcases.Doyouremember"
they,their,them?
Thepronounisinflectingthroughitsdifferentcases,butwecan
definitelyspotapatternofsimilarityamongthethreeforms.
Thereisadefiniterootoftheword.Theroot（thatis,the
partofthewordthatcontainsthemeaningoftheword）is"
the-"
towhichthentheendings"
-y"
-ir"
-m"
.Sowecouldsay
thatthewordisinflectingbyaddingcertaincaseendingstoa
stem.Thestemcontainsthecoreofthemeaningoftheword,and
theendingsmerelyinflectoralteritsgrammar.
ThisispreciselyhowLatinnounsshowtheirdifferent
cases:
theyaddadditionalletterstotheendofthebasicform
oftheword.Thisbasicformthatdoesnotchangethroughoutits
inflectioniscalledthe"
stem"
.Thereare,consequently,two
partsofaLatinwordthatyoumustnote:
thestemandthecase
ending.Thestemcontainsthemeaningofthewordanditsgender
（masculine,feminine,orneuter）.Thecaseendingwilltellyou
（1）howthenounisbeingusedinitssentence,and
（2）whether
thenounissingularorplural.Let'
swatchatheLatinnoun
puella"
（girl）asitinflectsthroughitsdifferentcases:
SINGULARAPPROXIMATEENGLISHTRANSLATION
NOMINATIVEpuellagirl
GENITIVEpuellaeofthegirl
DATIVEpuellaeto/forthegirl
ACCUSATIVEpuellamgirl
ABLATIVEpuellaby/withthegirl
VOCATIVEpuellagirl
PLURAL
NOMINATIVEpuellaegirls
GENITIVEpuellarumofthegirls
DATIVEpuellisto/forthegirls
ACCUSATIVEpuellasgirls
ABLATIVEpuellisby/withthegirls
VOCATIVEpuellaegirls
ThestemoftheLatinwordisclearlyvisible.It'
puell-"
towhichdifferentendingsarebeingattached.The
endingsare:
NOMINATIVE-a-ae
GENITIVE-ae-arum
DATIVE-ae-is
ACCUSATIVE-am-as
ABLATIVE-a-is
VOCATIVE-a-ae
TherearemanyothernounsinLatinwhichfollowthissame
patternofcaseendingswhentheyinflect.Thispatternof
endingsiscalledthe"
firstdeclension"
（dehCLENshion）andyou
canseethestrongpresenceofan"
-a-"
.Therearefourother
declensionalpatternsinLatin,butanounwillbelongtoonly
oneofthem.Hencewecansaythat"
isafirst
declensionnoun.Theotherdeclensionsarecalled,not
surprisingly,thesecond,third,fourthandfifthdeclension,and
aredistinguishedformoneanotherinpartbythethematic,or
characteristic,vowelthatappearsinitsendings.
REVIEW
Thisisalotofinformationtoabsorbinonesitting.Stopnow
forawhile,thenreadthroughthisreviewstatementbefore
startingonthenextsectionofthischapter.
Alanguagewhosenounsshowtheirgrammaticalfunctioninthe
sentencebychangesinthenounitself,andnotbyposition,is
calledaninflectedlanguage.Thedifferentgrammatical
functionsalanguagerecognizesarecalledcases.InEnglish,
therearethreecases.Theyarethesubjective,thepossessive,
andtheobjective.InLatintherearesixcases.Theyarethe
nominative,genitive,dative,accusative,ablativeandvocative
cases.ALatinnounhastwopartswhichyoumustnote:
ithasa
stem,whichcontainsthenoun'
sbasicmeaninganditsgender;
and
italsohasacaseendingwhichtellsyouthenoun'
scaseandits
number.Apatternofendingswhichareaddedtotheendofa
nountoshowitsgrammaticalfunctioniscalledadeclension.
EachnouninLatinbelongstoonedeclension.Thedeclensions
arecalledthefirst,second,third,fourthandfifth
declensions.
THEFIRSTDECLENSION
Let'
shavealookatanotherfirstdeclensionnoun:
pecuni-"
（money）.
SINGULAR
STEM+CASEENDING=INFLECTEDFORM
N/V.pecuni+-a=_______________
GEN.pecuni+-ae=_______________
DAT.pecuni+-ae=_______________
ACC.pecuni+-am=_______________
ABL.pecuni+-a=_______________
PLURAL
N/V.pecuni+-ae=_______________
GEN.pecuni+-arum=_______________
DAT.pecuni+-is=_______________
ACC.pecuni+-as=_______________
ABL.pecuni+-is=_______________
stryafewmoreparadigms.Declinethenoun"
patri-"
（fatherland）andvit-"
（life）.
patri-vit-
N/V.______________________________
GEN.______________________________
DAT.______________________________
ACC.__________________
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