医学考博阅读课程讲义全Word格式文档下载.docx
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能抓住文章重点和主题
做题
准确定位问题答案,熟悉各种题型,能对选项进行正确筛选
复习计划
1、词汇
要有基本的六级词汇量,再增加2000左右医学科普类词汇,包括常见疾病名称、常见器官名称、常见医疗器械名称、生物科技新进展等方面的词汇大体需要8000多个单词,重点复习高中以上的近4000个单词,主要是动词和形容词。
2、如何背单词
1小时40个单词左右
艾宾浩斯记忆曲线(如右)
单词背诵保证3-5天内复习一次,
7天左右复习第二次,后一次复习
时间间隔倍增,经过7次记熟单词
研究历年真题
做题步骤:
1)先做模拟
2)学习该篇文章,查询每一个不认识的单词,同时看懂每句话,并能翻译
3)分析文章结构
4)题目分析
5)选项分析
精读、泛读能力的训练
1)医疗期刊
2)西方大网站的健康栏目和频道
NewYorkTimesTheEconomist
泛读训练目标
1)练速度
2)练猜测、练跳跃
3)了解文章背景,西方背景
泛读资料
1)卫生类职称英语资料
2)医学英语类教材
3)英语世界等小杂志
方法总结:
一、快速多次背单词
二、精读历年真题
三、精读训练
四、定量定范围做泛读
第二章考博阅读理解专项练习
2002年人民大学真题
Passage24(2002中国人民大学)
Realpolicemen,bothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilarities,ofcourse,butthecopsdon'
tthinkmuchofthem.
Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman'
srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.
Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupid,pettycrimes.
Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;
assoonashe'
sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.
Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon'
twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworked,adetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthem,usuallyagainsttheirownbestinterests,tohelphim.
Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:
firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegality,secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.
Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,lawmakers,andjudges,who,insteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.
16.Itisessentialforapolicemantobetrainedincriminallaw________.
A.sothathecancatchcriminalsinthestreets
B.becausemanyofthecriminalshehastocatcharedangerous
C.sothathecanjustifyhisarrestsincourt
D.becausehehastoknownearlyasmuchaboutlawasaprofessionallawyer
17.Theeverydaylifeofapolicemanordetectiveis________.
A.excitingandglamorous
B.fullofdanger
C.devotedmostlytoroutinematters
D.wastedonunimportantmatters
18.Whenmurdersandterroristattacksoccurthepolice________.
A.prefertowaitforthecriminaltogivehimselfaway
B.spendalotofeffortontryingtotrackdowntheirman
C.trytomakeaquickarrestinordertokeepuptheirreputation
D.usuallyfailtoproduceresults
19.Therealdetectivelivesin“anunpleasantmoraltwilight”because________.
A.heisanexpensivepublicservant
B.hemustalwaysbehavewithabsolutelegality
C.heisobligedtobreakthelawinordertopreserveit
D.hefeelshimselftobecutofffromtherestoftheworld
20.Detectivesarerathercynicalbecause________.
A.ninetenthsoftheirworkinvolvesarrestingpeople
B.hardlyanyonetellsthemthetruth
C.societydoesnotpunishcriminalsseverelyenough
D.toomanycriminalsescapefromjail
1、扫描题干,提炼关键词
1)找共性词
2)重点关注问原因的题
3)重点关注与作者有关的题
2、通读全文,抓住中心
通读是以抓住文章主旨和结构为目的的一种快速阅读方式。
通读中要把握两点:
(1)首段原则,即文章第一段或前1/4尽量逐字逐句读懂
(2)首末句原则:
抓住段落主旨,一般出现在首句、末句或段中转折词后。
在看懂主旨的情况下,粗略阅读细节、论据、例子、数字、引言等信息,无需重复和回读
抓住中心就是要明确下述三个问题:
(1)本文的核心话题是什么?
(2)各段大意是什么?
(3)作者观点和态度
3、确定题型,排除干扰项
七种常见错误选项陷阱:
(1)偷换概念
(2)正反混淆:
较难词替换,单数否定
(3)时态错误
(4)扩大范围
(5)无中生有(无关常识,无关真理)
(6)答非所问(尤其细节题)
(7)虚拟语气
语法:
(1)定语从句
(2)名词性从句:
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
(3)分词状语
(4)独立主格
(5)虚拟语气
2000年试题
Passage1
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'
sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.
Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:
ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'
sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreignmadecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'
smachinetoolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.
Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'
sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.
Howthingshavechanged!
In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Selfdoubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequickwitted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'
sKennedySchoolofGovernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”
1.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause______.
[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal
[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore
[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotential
competitors
[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy
2.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican______.
[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket
[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises
[C]machinetoolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions
[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket
3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenselfdoubtandblindpr
[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.
[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternational
cooperation.
[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.
4.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe______.
[A]turningofthebusinesscycle
[B]restructuringofindustry
[C]improvedbusinessmanagement
[D]successineducation
定位原则
1、信号词定位
2、自然段顺序原则
3、长难句定位原则
细节题解题原则
将选项逐一与原文核对,不要凭印象做题。
Passage4
Ihadneverbeeninthepublicwardofahospitalbefore,anditwasmyfirstexperienceofdoctorswhohandleyouwithoutspeakingtoyouor,inahumansense,takinganynoticeofyou.Theyonlyputonsixglassesinmycase,butafterdoingsotheyscarifiedtheblistersandappliedtheglassesagain,Eachglassnowdrewoutaboutadessertspoonfulofdark-coloredblood,Ihadachesandpainsallover.AsIlaydownagain,humiliated,disgustedandfrightenedbythethingthathadbeendonetome,Ireflectedthatnowatleasttheywouldleavemealone.Butno,notabitofit.Therewasanothertreatment