戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版DOCWord文档格式.docx

戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版DOCWord文档格式.docx

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Theimportantcavities:

Thepharyngealcavity咽腔

Theoralcavity口腔

Thenasalcavity鼻腔

其他部位：

Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge（alveolus）齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate（velum）软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10

[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：

Broadandnarrowtranscriptions

（语音的正字法表征：

宽式/窄式标音）

IPA（InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association国际语音协会/国际音标）

Broadtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly（代表字母的符号）

Narrowtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics（变音符）

E.g.:

[l]→[li:

f]--→aclear[l]（nodiacritic）

[l]→[bild]--→adark[l]（~）

[l]→[help]--→adental[l]（）

[p]→[pit]--→anaspirated[ph]（h表示送气）

[p]→[spit]--→anunaspirated[p]（nodiacritic）

[n]→[btn]→asyllabicnasal[n]（）

[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants（英语辅音的分类）

Intermsofmannerofarticulation根据发音方法分（themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated）

①Stops闭塞音:

theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly

[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]

②Fricatives摩擦音:

theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth

[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h]（approximant）

③Affricates塞擦音:

theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricatives[t∫]/[dз]

④Liquids流音:

theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth

[l]→alateralsound;

[r]→retroflex

⑤Glides滑音:

[w],[j]（semi-vowels）

Liquid+glides+[h]→approximants

⑥Nasals鼻音:

thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit

[m],[n],[η]

Byplaceofarticulation根据发音部位分（theplacewhereobstructioniscreated）

①bilabial双唇音:

upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w]→（velar）

②labiodentals唇齿音:

thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]

③dental齿音:

thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]

④alveolar齿龈音:

thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]

⑤palatal腭音:

tongueinthemiddleofthepalate[θ]/[δ],[t∫]/[dз],[j]

⑥velars软腭因:

thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]

⑦glottal喉音:

theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]

[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels（英语元音的分类） 

①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:

front,central,back;

②Theopennessofthemouth:

close,semi-close,semi-open,open;

③Theroundness（shape）ofthemonth（thelips）:

Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsexcept[]

Allthebackvowels,except[A:

]areroundedvowels

④Thelengthofthesound:

longvowels&

shortvowels

Larynx→（tense）or（lax）

Monophthongs,diphthongs

Cardinalvowels

[F]Thedefinitionofphonology（音位学）

Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;

howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.

Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;

itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone（音素、音位、音位变体）

Phone:

aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment（因素是一个语音单位或者说语音段）

Phoneme:

aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;

itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.（音位是一个音位学的单位，而且是一个有区别意义的单位，是一个抽象的单位）

Allophone:

thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.（在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位的音素被称为该音位的音位变体）

[H]Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair（音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体）

Phonemiccontrast:

whentwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentsintwowordsandtheydistinguishmeaning,they’reinphonemiccontrast.

E.g.pin&

bin→/p/vs./b/rope&

robe→/p/vs./b/（要会判断！

）

Complementarydistribution:

twoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheycannotappearatthesametime,oroccurindifferentenvironment,besidestheydonotdistinguishmeaning.

Minimalpair:

whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiated,eachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme（alwaysinthesameposition）,thenallofthesewordsconstituteaminimalsets.

[I]Somerulesinphonology

①sequentialrules序列规则

Phonotacticsof3consonantsoccurringinonset:

如果三个辅音都出现在词首，必须遵循以下三条规则：

No1:

___/s/第一个音位一定是/s/

___voicelessstops:

/p/,/t/,/k/第二个音位一定是/p/,/t/,/k/

___approximants:

/r/,/l/,/w/,/j/第三个音位一定是/r/,/l/,/w/,/j/

No2:

Theaffricates[t∫],[dз]andthesibilants[s],[z],[θ],[δ]arenottobefollowedbyanothersibilants.

②assimilationrules同化规则

Co-articulationeffects:

theprocessofmakingonesoundalmostatthesametimeasthenextiscalledco-articulation.

Assimilation&

elisioneffects元音省略

Assimilation:

twophonemesoccurinsequenceandsomeaspectofonephonemeistakenorcopiedbytheother

E.g.nasalizeavowelwhenitisfollowedbyanasalsound.鼻音化现象

③deletionrule/Elision省略规则

Definition:

theomissionofasoundsegmentwhichwouldbepresentindeliberatepronunciationofawordinisolation

E.g.deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant省略词末鼻辅音前的[g]音

[J]Suprasegmentalfeatures（超音段特征）

①Stress重音

Wordstress&

sentencestress

ThestressoftheEnglishcompoundsalwaysonthefirstelement

②Tone声调

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikemorphemes.像音素一样可以区别意义

Tonelanguage,likeChinese,hasfourtones.汉语就是一种典型的声调语言，有四个音调

Level,rise,fall-rise,fall阴平阳平上声去声

③Intonation语调

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

English:

thefourbasictypesofintonation,orthefourtones四种语调

Thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefall-risingtone,andtherise-falltone降调声调将声调升降调

Chapter3Morphology形态学

[A]Thedefinitionofmorphology

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（指对词的内部结构以及构词规则的研究）

Morpheme:

词素themostbasicelementofmeaning.（意义的最基本要素）

（Aminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction最小的意义单位或者语法功能）

[B]Freemorphemes&

boundmorphemes（自由词素和黏着词素）

Freemorphemes:

canstandbythemselvesassinglewords

→Lexicalmorphemes[n.a.v]&

functionalmorphemes[conj.prep.art.pron.]

Boundmorphemes:

cannotnormallystandalone,butwhicharetypicallyattachedtoanotherform

→Derivationalmorphemes派生词素→affix词缀（suffix,infix,prefix）+root后缀中缀前缀+词根

→Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素→8typesofinflectionalmorphemesinEnglish

Noun+-’s,-s[possessive所有格;

plural复数]

Verb+-s,-ing,-ed,-en[3rdpersonpresentsingular第三人称单数;

presentparticiple现在分词;

pasttense过去式,pastparticiple过去分词]

Adj+-er,-est[comparative比较级;

superlative最高级]

[C]Derivationalvs.Inflectional派生（范畴/语类）和曲折（语法标志）

Inflectionalmorphemesneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword只表示语法标志（时态、数、格）

Inflectionalmorphemesinfluencethewholecategory词的范畴;

Derivationalmorphemesareopposite

Order:

root（stem）+derivational+inflectional词根/词干+派生+曲折

[D]MorphologicalRules形态学规则（词的构成方式→词素是怎样组合成为词）

N.+ly→a.;

A.+ly→adv.;

guardovergeneralization

[E]Morphsandallomorphs语素和语素变体

Morphs:

theactualformsusedtorealizemorphemes

Allomorphs:

asetofmorphs,allofwhichareversionsofonemorpheme,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.

e.g.

map----maps[s]

dog----dogs[z]

watch----watches[iz]

mouse----mice[ai]

ox----oxen[n]

tooth----teeth

sheep----sheep

Eachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.

[F]Word-formationprocess（构词法）

①Coinage→theinventionoftotallynewterms（创造全新的词）

②Borrowing→thetakingoverofwordsformotherlanguages

③Compounding→ajoiningoftwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform（组成复合词）

④Blending→takingoverthebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheendofotherword

⑤Clipping→awordofmorethanonesyllablereducedtoashorterform

⑥Backformation→aprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword

⑦Conversion→categorychange,functionalshift

⑧Acronyms→newwordsareformedfromtheinitiallettersofasetofotherw