英汉礼貌用语比较.docx

英汉礼貌用语比较.docx

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英汉礼貌用语比较

Contens

摘要1

Abstract2

1Introduction3

1.1OriginsofPoliteness3

1.1.1OriginsofPolitenessinEnglish3

1.1.2OriginsofPolitenessinChinese4

1.2TheDefinitionofPoliteLanguage5

1.3Significancesofthepaper5

2TheComparisonofPoliteLanguageinEnglishandChinese5

2.1ComparisonsinNorms6

2.1.1NormsofPolitenessinEnglish6

2.1.2NormsofPolitenessinChinese8

2.2ComparisoninCultures9

2.3ComparisonsinPragmatics9

2.3.1TheComparisoninAddressing9

2.3.2TheComparisoninAcknowledgement11

2.3.3TheComparisoninapology11

2.3.4TheComparisoninEuphemism12

2.3.5TheComparisoninTaboo13

2.3.6TheComparisoninGreetings14

3ConclusionandImplication15

Bibliography17

Acknowledgement18

英汉礼貌用语比较

摘要

众所周知，英汉语言里面存在不同的礼貌用语，它们是人类社会文明的标志，因而理解英汉的礼貌用语是非常有必要的。

本文较系统地介绍了英汉礼貌用语及其起源，并且从准则，文化，语用学三个方面详细比较了英汉礼貌用语差异。

我们在与母语是英语的人交流时，应该注意他们的礼貌用语特点，运用这些特点来进行轻松愉快的交流，尽最大的努力去避免出现使用礼貌用语不当的情况来使交流和谐友好地进行下去。

关键词：

礼貌用语；准则；语用学；交流

TheComparisonofPoliteLanguage

inEnglishandChinese

Abstract

Aseverybodycansee,therearedifferentpolitelanguagesinEnglishandChinese,whichsymbolizesthecivilizationofhumansociety.ItisnecessarytocomprehendthepolitelanguagesinEnglishandChinese.ThisarticleintroducesthepolitelanguagesinEnglishandChineseaswellastheiroriginssystematically,comparingtheprinciples,cultures,andpragmaticsofpolitelanguageinbothofthem.WhenwecommunicatewithnativeEnglishspeakers,specialattentiontothepropertiesofthepolitelanguagesinEnglishneedstobepaid.Weshouldapplythesepropertiestopracticalcommunication,toarriveataneasyandhappyintercourse.Inordertogetaharmoniousandfriendlyprogressingofcommunication,weneedtotrybesttoavoidtheemergenceofimproperuseofpolitelanguages.

Keywords:

politelanguage,principle,pragmatics,communication.

TheComparisonofPoliteLanguage

inEnglishandChinese

1Introduction

Becauseofculturalobstacle,wemayfrequentlyfindthatpeoplemisunderstandinformationeachother,evenhurttheothersideininterculturalcommunication.Sometimes,kindwordswillmakepeoplefeelembarrassed,courteousmannerswillbemisunderstoodasabsurdandvulgarbehaviors.Therefore,studyingpolitelanguagesisessential.ThispartwilltalkaboutoriginsofpolitenessinEnglishandinChinese,thedefinitionofpolitenessandthesignificanceofthepaperforthepurposetomakethereadershaveaclearunderstandingofpolitenessindifferentlanguagesandtoimprovepeople’sawarenessofpoliteness.

1.1OriginsofPoliteness

ThispartwillfocusontheoriginsofpolitenessinEnglishandinChinesetohelpthereadersgenerallycomprehendtheoriginsofpolitenessindifferentlanguages.

1.1.1OriginsofPolitenessinEnglish

InEnglish,theproductionandthedevelopmentoftheconceptofpolitenesshaveseenacontinualchange.InEnglish,politenesswasconnectedwiththecourtandthecityattheearlytime.Fromtheperspectiveofetymology,politenessisderivedfrompolite,andpolitewasfromtheLatinword,politus,whichmeanstosmooth,topolish.（KleinErnest,1966,p1210）[10]Insomesense,beingpoliteispolishingtheperson’sbehaviortomakethepersonmoreacceptable,ortoshowtherespect.Duringthetimebetween1150and1500,anyyoungmanwhosoughttoearnhislivingasascribelearnedLatinorFrenchbecausetherewasnomarketforsuchservicesinEnglish.（ZhangWeiyou，2004，p27）[12]Furthermore,fromtheperspectiveofroot,theroot,polit,ofpolite,hasthedirectrelationwiththeGreekroot,polisandpoliteia,whichrefertothecityorthegovernmentofcity.（CornogMarywood,2002,p45）[7]Wordswiththiskindofroot,mostly,expressthegoodmannersofthepeopleinthecityofthecourt.AsHeZhaoxiongputs,“manyscholars’findingshaveprovedthelinkbetweenpolitenessandthecourtandthecityinvocabulary.Sometime,thebehaviorofpeopleinthecourtwasregardedaspolite,andsometimeinthecity.”（何兆熊，2000,p15）[2]

1.1.2OriginsofPolitenessinChinese

WhenitcomestopolitenessinChinese,averylongstorywillbepointedout,andapersonmustn’tbeneglected,thatis,Confucius,aneminentChinesephilosopherandteacherwhofoundedConfucianism.Sureenough,asastateofceremonies,thepolitenessinChineseisendless.Infact,beforeConfucius’time,therehadbeensomedifferentso-called“rites”,suchasritesinXia,Shang,andZhouDynasties.Confuciusjustepitomizedallkindsoftheritesbeforehim.Theriteinoldtimesisnotcompletelythepolitenessrightnow.Itsconnotationhaschangedverymuch,moreprecisely,hasbecomemoreelaborate.Inotherwords,thecurrentpolitenessisoriginatedfromtheancientrites.“TheritespracticedbythekingsinXia,Shang,Zhoudynastiesandfiveemperorsislikemanykindsoffruits,withdifferenttastes,butsuitabletotheirpeople.”（庄子，2008,p35）[6]FromthisitcanbeseenthattheoriginsofpolitenessinChinesehavethesimilarpathstoitinEnglish.Inordertogovernthepeople,thekingsdesignedsomerulesforthepeople’sdailybehavior.Theywerespreadfromthechancellorstothecommonpeople.

Overall,theoriginsofpolitenessinEnglishandChinesearesimilar.Forthepurposetoregulatethecommonpeople’sbehavior,thenmoredeeplytorulethem,thepolitenessemergedatahistoricmoment.Forthisulteriorpurpose,theemergenceofthepolitenesshasbecomeadouble-edgedsword.

1.2TheDefinitionofPoliteLanguage

WhatisPoliteLanguage?

Generallyspeaking,thecourteouslanguage,inthebroadestsenseoftheword,meansallthemannersandthecausedconsequencesbyusingpolitelanguage.While,thenarrowoneonlymeanssomespecialwordsexpressingceremonywhicharereasonableandacceptableinvariouscommunicationoccasions.Tobepolitenotonlydemandsthesentences“reasonable”,butalso“acceptable”inthespecificgroup.（胡文仲,1996：

p235-248）[4]

1.3Significancesofthepaper

Intheory,basedontheformerstudiesandfindings,thispaperillustratesmanyaspectsinmoredetailstomakethereaderstounderstandpolitelanguagesmoredistinctly,andaddssomenewideastothecomparisonsinpolitelanguagesinEnglishandChinesetobringthiskindofstudytoamorecompletestage.Inpractice,thispaperclearsupsomedoubtsinafewconfusedcommentswhichhavelingeredinpeople’sminds,inagoodway.Accordingtothesepoints,whichareassimpleandluminousascanbeputintoeffectcompletely,thereadercanhaveagoodcontroloftheirbehaviorsindailylife,togetahappyandperfectcommunicationatmosphere.

2TheComparisonofPoliteLanguageinEnglishandChinese

Asweallknow,therearemanydifferencesinpolitelanguagesbetweendifferentlanguages,butmostofusjustknowthat,notwhat.Thatis,mostpeopleonlygettheresult,butdonotgetthereason.ThispartisgoingtomakeacomparisoninpolitelanguagesbetweenEnglishandChineseindetailtoletthereadershaveanewandbrandrecognitionofpolitelanguages,whichisbeneficialtotheirsocialintercourse,bringingdownthepossibilityofmakingmistakesincommonsense

2.1ComparisonsinNorms

Asamatteroffact,normsofpolitenessindifferentlanguages,inalargeextent,decidethepropertyofpolitelanguagesindifferentlanguages.ThispartwillcenteronthenormsofpolitenessinEnglishandChinese.

2.1.1NormsofPolitenessinEnglish

Politenessistheattitudefromonetotheother,soitmustcovertwosides.Grice,aphilosopherinAmerica,deemedthatinordertoarriveatacertaingoalinsocialintercourse,therewasakindofprivities,orakindofcommunicationnorms,whichhecalledcooperativeprinciples,betweenthetwosides.Thecooperativeprinciplesgoasfollows,

1ThemaximofQuality:

"Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue,.specifically:

（i）donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

（ii）donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence"

2ThemaximofQuantity:

"（i）Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange

（ii）Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired"[

3ThemaximofRelation:

"Makeyourcontributionrelevant."

4ThemaximofManner:

"Beperspicuousandspecifically:

（i）avoidobscurityofexpression.

（ii）avoidambiguity.

（iii）bebrief

（iv）beorderly."（GriceH.P.,1975,p162）[9]

Thecooperativeprincipleexplainstherelationbetweentheliteralmeaningofthewordandtherealmeaning,andexpoundsthehowthepaintingmeaningcomesandhowtounderstandit,butthereisstillaquestionremaining,thatis,whydopeoplewanttoviolatetheprinciple,usingaimplicativeandindirectwaytoexpressthemselves?

Leechreputesthattheviolationofthecooperativeprinciple,sometimeshassomethingwiththepolitenessprinciple.Hementionsthepolitenessprinciplesoastoresolvethequestionwhichthecooperativeprincipleleftover.（何兆熊，2000,p91）[3]Leech’spolitenessprincipleindetail,

1Tactmaxim（indirectives[orimpositives]andcommissives）:

minimizecosttoother;[maximizebenefittoother]

2Generositymaxim（indirectivesandcommissives）:

minimizebenefittoself;[maximizecosttoself]

3Approbationmaxim（inexpressivesandrepresentatives[assertives]）:

minimizedispraiseofother;[maximizepraiseofother]

4Modestymaxim（inexpressivesandrepresentatives）:

minimizepraiseofself;[maximizedispraiseofself]

5Agreementmaxim（inrepresentatives）:

minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother;[maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother]

6Sympathymaxim（inrepresentatives）:

minimizeantipathybetweenselfandother;[maximizesymp