英汉礼貌用语比较.docx

1、英汉礼貌用语比较Contens摘要 1Abstract 21 Introduction 31.1 Origins of Politeness 31.1.1 Origins of Politeness in English 31.1.2 Origins of Politeness in Chinese 41.2 The Definition of Polite Language 51.3 Significances of the paper 52 The Comparison of Polite Language in English and Chinese 52.1 Comparisons i

2、n Norms 62.1.1 Norms of Politeness in English 62.1.2 Norms of Politeness in Chinese 82.2 Comparison in Cultures 92.3 Comparisons in Pragmatics 92.3.1 The Comparison in Addressing 92.3.2 The Comparison in Acknowledgement 112.3.3 The Comparison in apology 112.3.4 The Comparison in Euphemism 122.3.5 Th

3、e Comparison in Taboo 132.3.6 The Comparison in Greetings 143 Conclusion and Implication 15Bibliography 17Acknowledgement 18 英汉礼貌用语比较摘要众所周知，英汉语言里面存在不同的礼貌用语，它们是人类社会文明的标志，因而理解英汉的礼貌用语是非常有必要的。本文较系统地介绍了英汉礼貌用语及其起源，并且从准则，文化，语用学三个方面详细比较了英汉礼貌用语差异。我们在与母语是英语的人交流时，应该注意他们的礼貌用语特点，运用这些特点来进行轻松愉快的交流，尽最大的努力去避免出现使用礼貌用

4、语不当的情况来使交流和谐友好地进行下去。关键词：礼貌用语；准则；语用学；交流The Comparison of Polite Languagein English and ChineseAbstractAs everybody can see, there are different polite languages in English and Chinese, which symbolizes the civilization of human society. It is necessary to comprehend the polite languages in English an

5、d Chinese. This article introduces the polite languages in English and Chinese as well as their origins systematically, comparing the principles, cultures, and pragmatics of polite language in both of them. When we communicate with native English speakers, special attention to the properties of the

6、polite languages in English needs to be paid. We should apply these properties to practical communication, to arrive at an easy and happy intercourse. In order to get a harmonious and friendly progressing of communication, we need to try best to avoid the emergence of improper use of polite language

7、s.Key words: polite language, principle, pragmatics, communication.The Comparison of Polite Language in English and Chinese1 IntroductionBecause of cultural obstacle, we may frequently find that people misunderstand information each other, even hurt the other side in intercultural communication. Som

8、etimes, kind words will make people feel embarrassed, courteous manners will be misunderstood as absurd and vulgar behaviors. Therefore, studying polite languages is essential. This part will talk about origins of politeness in English and in Chinese, the definition of politeness and the significanc

9、e of the paper for the purpose to make the readers have a clear understanding of politeness in different languages and to improve peoples awareness of politeness.1.1 Origins of PolitenessThis part will focus on the origins of politeness in English and in Chinese to help the readers generally compreh

10、end the origins of politeness in different languages. 1.1.1 Origins of Politeness in English In English, the production and the development of the concept of politeness have seen a continual change. In English, politeness was connected with the court and the city at the early time. From the perspect

11、ive of etymology, politeness is derived from polite, and polite was from the Latin word, politus, which means to smooth ,to polish.(Klein Ernest, 1966, p1210)10In some sense, being polite is polishing the persons behavior to make the person more acceptable, or to show the respect. During the time be

12、tween 1150 and 1500, any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned Latin or French because there was no market for such services in English. (Zhang Weiyou，2004 ，p27) 12 Furthermore, from the perspective of root, the root, polit, of polite, has the direct relation with the Greek roo

13、t, polis and politeia, which refer to the city or the government of city. (Cornog Mary wood, 2002, p45)7 Words with this kind of root, mostly, express the good manners of the people in the city of the court. As He Zhaoxiong puts, “many scholars findings have proved the link between politeness and th

14、e court and the city in vocabulary. Some time, the behavior of people in the court was regarded as polite, and some time in the city.”（何兆熊，2000,p15）21.1.2 Origins of Politeness in Chinese When it comes to politeness in Chinese, a very long story will be pointed out, and a person mustnt be neglected,

15、 that is, Confucius, an eminent Chinese philosopher and teacher who founded Confucianism. Sure enough, as a state of ceremonies, the politeness in Chinese is endless. In fact, before Confucius time, there had been some different so-called “rites”, such as rites in Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties. Con

16、fucius just epitomized all kinds of the rites before him. The rite in old times is not completely the politeness right now. Its connotation has changed very much, more precisely, has become more elaborate. In other words, the current politeness is originated from the ancient rites. “The rites practi

17、ced by the kings in Xia, Shang, Zhou dynasties and five emperors is like many kinds of fruits, with different tastes, but suitable to their people.”(庄子，2008, p35)6From this it can be seen that the origins of politeness in Chinese have the similar paths to it in English. In order to govern the people

18、, the kings designed some rules for the peoples daily behavior. They were spread from the chancellors to the common people.Overall, the origins of politeness in English and Chinese are similar. For the purpose to regulate the common peoples behavior, then more deeply to rule them, the politeness eme

19、rged at a historic moment. For this ulterior purpose, the emergence of the politeness has become a double-edged sword. 1.2 The Definition of Polite Language What is Polite Language? Generally speaking, the courteous language, in the broadest sense of the word, means all the manners and the caused co

20、nsequences by using polite language. While, the narrow one only means some special words expressing ceremony which are reasonable and acceptable in various communication occasions. To be polite not only demands the sentences “reasonable”, but also “acceptable” in the specific group. （胡文仲, 1996：p235-

21、248）41.3 Significances of the paper In theory, based on the former studies and findings, this paper illustrates many aspects in more details to make the readers to understand polite languages more distinctly, and adds some new ideas to the comparisons in polite languages in English and Chinese to br

22、ing this kind of study to a more complete stage. In practice, this paper clears up some doubts in a few confused comments which have lingered in peoples minds, in a good way. According to these points, which are as simple and luminous as can be put into effect completely, the reader can have a good

23、control of their behaviors in daily life, to get a happy and perfect communication atmosphere. 2 The Comparison of Polite Language in English and Chinese As we all know, there are many differences in polite languages between different languages, but most of us just know that, not what. That is, most

24、 people only get the result, but do not get the reason. This part is going to make a comparison in polite languages between English and Chinese in detail to let the readers have a new and brand recognition of polite languages, which is beneficial to their social intercourse, bringing down the possib

25、ility of making mistakes in common sense 2.1 Comparisons in Norms As a matter of fact, norms of politeness in different languages, in a large extent, decide the property of polite languages in different languages. This part will center on the norms of politeness in English and Chinese.2.1.1 Norms of

26、 Politeness in English Politeness is the attitude from one to the other, so it must cover two sides. Grice, a philosopher in America, deemed that in order to arrive at a certain goal in social intercourse, there was a kind of privities, or a kind of communication norms, which he called cooperative p

27、rinciples, between the two sides. The cooperative principles go as follows,1 The maxim of Quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true, .specifically:(i) do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence2 The maxim of Quantity:(i) Make your c

28、ontribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required3 The maxim of Relation:Make your contribution relevant.4 The maxim of Manner:Be perspicuous and specifically:(i) avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) a

29、void ambiguity.(iii) be brief (iv) be orderly.(Grice H.P., 1975, p162)9 The cooperative principle explains the relation between the literal meaning of the word and the real meaning, and expounds the how the painting meaning comes and how to understand it, but there is still a question remaining, tha

30、t is, why do people want to violate the principle, using a implicative and indirect way to express themselves? Leech reputes that the violation of the cooperative principle, sometimes has something with the politeness principle. He mentions the politeness principle so as to resolve the question whic

31、h the cooperative principle left over. (何兆熊，2000,p91)3 Leechs politeness principle in detail,1 Tact maxim (in directives or impositives and commissives): minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other2 Generosity maxim (in directives and commissives): minimize benefit to self; maximize cost to se

32、lf 3 Approbation maxim (in expressives and representatives assertives): minimize dispraise of other; maximize praise of other 4 Modesty maxim (in expressives and representatives): minimize praise of self; maximize dispraise of self 5 Agreement maxim (in representatives): minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and other 6 Sympathy maxim (in representatives): minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize symp