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考试方式
姓名
学号
指导教师
2012年12月25日
DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternCourtesyExpressions
Abstract
Withthedevelopmentofourcountry’seconomy,internationalexchangeandcooperationbecomesmorefrequent.TheprocessofcommunicationinwhichpeopleindifferentculturalbackgroundsareengagedisInterculturalCommunication.Andlanguageisthemostbasicandimportantmediatointerculturalcommunication.Therefore,asaforeignlanguagelearnerweshouldfullyunderstandthecultureofthelanguage.Itisunquestionablethattherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureisveryclose.Languageisthecarrierofculture.Theprocessoflearningaforeignlanguageisalsotheprocessofunderstandingthiscountry’sculture.Thedegreeofmasteringthiscountry’sculturalbackgroundknowledgeinfluencesdirectlyone’scapabilityofusingthelanguage.Itisthepremiseofusingthelanguageproperly.Thispapertalksabouttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.ThenitrevealsdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesbyanalyzingthedifferencesofeverydayexpressionsbetweentheChineseandWesterners.Itclarifiesthatlanguagelearningmeansculturelearningandemphasizestheimportanceofpayingattentiontothisculturaldifference.ItalsorecommendsseveralwaystolearntheculturebackgroundofEnglishcountries.
Keywords:
culture,life,communion,language
摘要
随着我国社会经济的发展,国际间的交流与合作日益密切,不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。
而语言便是进行跨文化交际最基本、也是最重要的媒介。
本论文试图回答的研究问题是:
注重中西方文化差异的重要性,我们将采用从语言与文化的关系和生活文化比较入手的方法,总结归纳注重中西方文化差异的,并针对这些原因增强我们对西方文化的了解,改善因生活文化的差异而带来的误解。
本文以中西文化的生活作为研究,分析中西生活之间的不同,尝试运用对比的手法,以证明中西文化的差异存在很大的差异。
作者希望通过本次研究,可以有助于不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程障碍,从而提高我国社会经济的发展,国际间的交流与合作。
关键词:
文化,生活习惯,交流,语言
DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternCourtesyExpressions
1Introduction
1.1Privacyconflic
China'
sconceptofprivacyhasbeenrelativelyweak,andthattheindividualshouldbevestedinthecollective,withthestressunity,fraternity,mutualconcern,thereforeoftenverywillingtounderstandotherpeople'
smixed,theothersideisalsowillingtofrankly.Andtheonlywaytoshowhowcareabouteachotherwhentheothersiderealfriendstoview.Westerners,bycontrast,theyareveryfocusonprivacy,andemphasizepersonalspace,astrongsenseofpersonal,nottoomanyotherstomentiontheirownaffairs,evenmorereluctanttoletothersinterfere.Evenmoreareclosefriends,theywouldtalkEnoughisenough.Therefore,inbothChineseandWesternontheissueofprivacyoftenconflicts,suchas:
China'
sfirstmeetingwilloftenaskedeachother'
sage,maritalstatus,children,occupation,incomeandevenintheeyesoftheChinesepeopleisanactofcourtesy,butintheWestthinkthattheeyesoftheseissuesaviolationoftheirprivacy.
1.2Theconflictoftime
Westernconceptoftimeisvery,verycherishtheirtimeinlifetendtoadvanceonthetimemadecarefularrangementsandplans,anddevelopagoodhabitofflyingtime.IntheWest,tovisitsomeone,priornoticeoragreement,andindicatethepurposeofvisit,timeandplace,thebusinesswillbeconductedafter.China'
speoplearemoreaccustomedtothetimeofthecountriesintheuseoftimeisveryarbitrary,asWesternersgenerallynotasstrictaccordancewiththeplan,sometimesevenmetwithothersmaybejustatemporarydecisionorearlyhalfonlyhours,flyinginthepunctualityextent,thelessstringent,afewminuteslateisverycommonsituation.Andthereasonisapretextforthesale,anytrafficjamah,whatishappeningathomefromtheprovisionalbodycannotah,andsoon.ThisareavarygreatlywithWesterners,Westernersareoftenabletomeetthis,itisdifficulttoaccept.However,theChinesepeoplehavetakenforgranted,donotfeelthereisanyinappropriate.
1.3Theconflictofcourtesy
Chinahasalwaysbeenamoretraditionalareasofthecountry.Chinaalsohasbeenmodestattentionincommunicationwiththepeople,emphasizes"
Belcherownstatue,"
seethisasavirtue,whichisarichChineseculturalheritage,courtesyphenomenon.Wecommendthepeople,wetendtoaself-criticismtoshowmodestandpolite.Thisisparticularlyprominentinthename,suchasontheirowntootherswillbeintroducedhiswife:
"
ThisisJianna!
"
Mysonwillbe"
Quanzi"
andsaidthatheis"
I"
andsoon.Butotherscallitisalightputwords:
yourfather'
sparentsareLiantang,andtheotheristhesonoftheson,andsoon.Themtoasacourtesy,acourtesy,othersundertheirownforever.Inparticular,bypraiseorrecognition,theChinesepeoplealwayslikethissentence:
Wherewhereyourwinning!
Whennotafraid!
Onthecontrary,theWesterncountrieshavenosuchculturalpractices,whentheyarepraised,theAssociationispleasedtosay"
Thankyou"
acceptanceofotherpeople'
spraise.InitialcontactwiththeChinesepeoplemayalsothinkthatthisisanarcissismwhat?
WesternerscallexpressionandtheChineseseemtothecontrary,themoreintimaterelationship,themoreaccustomedamhavingitsname.TraveledaroundtheUnitedStatesinthe"
FamilyalbumUSA,"
thegrandsonRobbieseeGrandpa,calledthe"
VoiceofGrandpa,"
Grandpaimmediatelycorrectedto"
CallmeMalcolm"
appearsbrieflyDuida,yettheyJiesunliatonarrowthegapbetweenthemany.IntheeyesofChinesepeople,thisiskindofgreatdisrespectisabsolutelynotthe.ThedifferencebetweenChineseandWesterncultures,webelievethattheWestistooself-confident,withoutmodesty,andwhenWesternershaveheardthattheChinesepeopletodenyotherstheirowntributeorheartheirdenialoftheirownachievements,evenwhentheircriticismofworthless,wouldbeverysurprisedthattheChinesepeopledishonest.
2.DifferencesinValueConceptandMoralCriteria
2.1Introduction
Individualsenseofhonorandmodest,westernersworshipindividualstriving,especiallyproudofpersonalachievements,andneverconcealingself-confidence,senseofhonoraswellasecstasyofsuccess.
2.2IndividualFreedomVSHarmoniousCooperation
Westernerstreasuretheindividualfreedom,doingthingintheirownwish,behavingalone,notsubjecttorestriction.
Exceptteamworksoundsbetterthancollectivism.TakethemostAmericansportofall,football.Everyonehasanextremelyspecializedrolethattheyfill.Weinventedtheassemblyline,youknow?
Americanentertainmentisalsoseperateandics...adesignatedwriter,penciller,inker,colorist,allspecialisedtoworktogetherasaparedtoAsians,takeJapan.Theircomics...haveanartistwhodoesthewriting/penciling/inkingandsometimescoloring.Hehasassistantswhicharelikeappressedwholearnfromhim.Noneisspecializedtoaparticularrole.Americaisfullofcollectives,everybodywantstobelong.
2.3PioneeringSpiritVSMediumWay
Westcultureencouragespeopletodeveloptheinnovation,doingsomethingoutstandingorneverdone.
Westerncultureisadventurousandexplorationbased.Westernersliketodiscovernewthings,inventionandexpandoutwards.Forinstance,bungeejumpingisconsideredadventurousandcommoninwesternculture,butyouwillprobablyfindno-onedoingsuchathinginChina.
Westerncultureisbasedonscience,whichattemptstoresolvepeopleandnature'
srelationship.
2.4Self-centerVSSacrifice
Westerners’self-centerconsciousnessandtheindependentconsciousnessareverystrong,mainlydisplaysin:
(1)self-responsibility.Inthelawofthejunglesociety,survivingandthesurvivalqualityallaredecidedbyone’sability,therefore,eachoneallmuststrive,andplacethepersonalinterestinfirstplace
(2)carelessaboutothers,orhelpingotherpeople,neverinquiringaboutotherpeople’smatter.(3)asaresultoftheabovetwo,itisfrequentlyembarrassinginhelpingothersoracceptingothers’helpintheWest.Because,one’sacceptinghelponlyprovedtobeincompetence,andhelpingotherswouldbeconsideredinterferingothersprivacy.
Thisistrue,esp.inwesternsocietywheretheindividualismwasalwaysvaluedandapersonalcreativityandfreedomwasemphasized,andworkwasbasedonindividualperformance.Thesearevaluessystemshighlypricedinwesternsociety,butnotmuchineasternsocietywhereworkwasnotbasedonindividualperformancebutonwhetherthewholecompany(themass)isdoingwell(collectivism),howyourelatetopeople(humanism),howyourespectyoureldersetc.
3.DifferencesinSocialCernaon
3.1Introduction
CulturaldifferencesonpolitenessbetweenwesternandChinesecanbefoundinmanyaspectsofdailycommunication,includingaddressing,greetingandparting,compliments,apologies,thanks,etc.Inthefollowing,wewilllookatsomeculturaldifferentbetweenChinaandwestern.
3.2GreetingandParting
Whenpeoplemeetacquaintancesorfriends,peopleusuallygreeteachother.Thepurposeofgreetingistoestablishormaintainsocialcontact.Soformulaicexpressionsareoftenused,butsuchformulaicexpressionsoftencausesconflictbecauseofthegreatculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandnativeEnglishspeakers.InEnglish,peopleoftenemploythefollowingexpressionstogreeteachother“Goodmorning/evening/afternoon.“Fineday,isn’tit?
”Howiseverythinggoing?
”Haveyoueatenyet?
”Whatareyougoingtodo?
”Wherehaveyoubeen?
”etc.Westernerstreatthemasrealquestion.WhileinChinese,wealwayssay“你吃了吗(Didyoueat)?
”“你上哪里去(Whereareyougoing)?
”“你干什么去(Whydoyougoingthere)?
”toshowourconsideration.Partingmaybedividedintotwosteps.Beforethefinalprating,thereisusualaleav