第九章主从复合句文档格式.docx

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第九章主从复合句文档格式.docx

fewseconds.

答案:

D

应改为:

lasts

解释:

last是定语从句中的谓语,需要与先行词,即从句的逻辑主语一致,asupply是单数,所以last要加s.

(2)

Resinisasubstancethat----inwater.

(A)doesnotdissolve

(B)donotdissolve

(C)notdissolving

(D)notdissolved

A

此句主句是系表结构,表语substance由that引导的定语从句修饰,空格处需要从句的谓语,C和D都是分词,无法独立作谓语,首先排除;

substance是单数,依据从句主谓一致原则,动词也应是单数,故A正确

考点二关系代词

大部分定语从句都由关系代词引导,主要的关系代词包括:

that,who,which,whom,whose,

其中可以代替人(指先行词)的是:

that,who,whom;

代替物的是that,which;

whose之前既可接人又可接物,但必须和名词搭配使用。

关系代词在从句中必须承担语法成分,可作从句的主语或宾语:

作主语的关系代词是:

that,who,which,whose,它们在从句中不可省略;

作宾语的是:

that,whom,which,它们在从句中可省略

在作主语的关系代词中whose是唯一可和另一名词连用的

作从句主语的句子,如:

She'

sgotaparrotthat/whichcanspeak“hello”.

He'

themanwho/thattakeschargeofthisdepartment.

Haveyounoticedtheladywhosehairhasgonegrey?

作从句宾语的句子,如:

Isshetheone(whom/that)you'

relookingfor?

(for之后不要加her)

Showmethebook(that/which)youreadjustnow.(read之后不要加it)

JackieMcLean'

srecordingshaveshownthatheisoneofthefewjazzmusicians

whostyleofplayinghaskeptpacewiththeevolutionofmodernjazz.

BCD

B

whose.

who引导定语从句时,不能同时修饰名词,需改成whose

Ahologramisapatternusuallymadeonfilminthatcancreateathree-dimensional

51

ABC

imageofascene.

filmthat

定语从句中缺少主语,应该用关系代词that单独引导

(3)

Hurricanesareseverecycloneswithwindsoverseventy-fivemilesanhourwho

originateovertropicaloceanwaters.

C

which

用于代替人的关系代词who不能指代winds,应改为which

考点三介词前置于关系代词

当关系代词作句中介词的宾语时,介词可以前置于关系代词,此时关系代词不能省略,而且只能用which或whom.

如:

Thisistheroadbywhichwecame.

Thatisthemanaboutwhomwehaveheardsomuch.

先行词为theway的定语从句中inwhich习惯上可以省略

Thisistheway(inwhich)Imaketheproblemout.

Andidealisastandard----peoplejudgephenomena.

(A)how

(B)of

(C)bywhich

(D)forit

空格前后都是主谓结构,可知需填入从句引导词,B,D可先排除;

依句意应构成定语从句,故选C

(2)

InreorganizingthecurriculumofMt.HolyokeCollegeinthelate1800'

sElizabethMeadlaidthefoundation----themoderncollegerests.

(A)iswhich

(B)onwhich

(C)whichison

(D)onit

空格前后都有主谓结构,显然空格处需要从句引导词,A、D可先排除,从句已有主语college,C也肯定不对,只有B是正确的定语从句,其中词组reston中的介词前置于关系代词which

考点四关系副词

定语从句还可以由关系副词when,where或why引导,关系副词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语

Haveyoueverbeentothehousewhereheusedtolive?

(where=inwhich)

Icouldhardlyforgetthedaywhenmyunclepassedaway.(when=onwhich)

TellmethereasonwhyIamfired.(why=forwhich)

52

Thekneeisthejoint----thethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.

(A)when

(B)where

(C)why

(D)which

空白处前后都包含主谓结构,句意上后句是对前句joint一词的解释,可推知需要填入定语从句引导词,又因从句中主谓宾语俱全,可知缺少的是表地点的关系副词,那末A、C、D均可排除

Membersofanation'

sforeignservicerepresentthatcountry'

sinterestsabroadand

AB

reportontheconditions,trends,andpoliciesofthecountrywhichtheyarestationed.

CD

countrywherethey

关系代词which未在从句中作任何成分,不符合语法,依句意应改为表地点的关系副词

考点五定语从句类别

定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种,其主要区别为:

1.非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。

2.非限定性定语从句中,引导词一般不用that,

在修饰人时用who,whom,whose

Hehadthreechildren,allofwhomhadgraduatedfromcollege.

在修饰物时用which

3.限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分,去掉会造成句意不清;

而非限定性定语从句只是补充说明的作用,有无对句意影响不大,翻译时常译作独立的句子,而不是定语

对比下列句子:

Herefusedtorevealthemanwhohadbeatenhimblackandblue.(man是特定的)

InolongerliveinBeijing,whereairpollutiondidgreatharmtomyhealth.

(Beijing是众所周知的,无需限定,若限定则意味着世界上有不止一个北京)

TOEFL考的基本都是限定性定语从句

第二节宾语从句

在主句中作宾语的就是宾语从句,并不是所有的动词都能接宾语从句,应满足的先决条件是及物动词。

宾语从句可分为三类:

一、that引导的宾语从句

that引导的宾语从句最为普遍,从句应是完整的主谓结构,且that有时可以省略,

Shetoldme(that)shehadboughtagiftforme.

Ihopethatitwillbecoolertomorrow.

常接此类宾语从句的动词有:

say,think,hope,tell,see,deny,demand,suggest,propose,declare,feel,intend,insist,believe,agree,admit,expect,explain,imagine,know,report,doubt等

Idoubtthathehastheabilitytodothis.

二、what,where,when,which,who,why,

53

how等词引导的宾语从句

宾语从句还可由上述类似特殊疑问词的引导词引出,此时引导词作从句的主语、宾语、或状语,不可以省略

Ican'

tunderstandwhyyoufeelsobitterabouthermanners.

Couldyouexplainwhathascausedthedelay?

Iwonderhowyoumanagedtoescape.

Justtellmewhichoneyouprefer.

此类从句的形式颇像问句,但需注意应用陈述句语序,不可倒装

可接此类从句的动词有:

ask,say,tell,know,wonder,understand,inform,advise,decide,find,answer,suggest,show,discuss,discover等

三、whether/if引导的宾语从句

whether/if引导的从句,表示“是否….”,whether/if虽不在从句中担当成分,但因有实际意思,不

可省略,之后的从句必须是完整的主谓结构

Iwonderif/whetheryouareinterestedinhispaintings.

tdecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.(此时不能用if)

注:

有些be+形容词的句式结构类似于宾语从句,可归入此类,如:

Iamsurethathewillcomebeforelong.

I'

mafraid(that)youarenotallowedtoenterwithoutapass.

Almostalleconomistsagree----bytradingwithoneanother.

(A)nationsthataregained

(B)nationstheygain

(C)gainingnations

(D)thatnationsgain

谓语动词agree的宾语不完整,因agree一词不能直接与名词词组搭配,但可接that引导的从句,故D以外的选项均可排除

TodayitisgenerallyrecognizedastheprimaryfunctionoftheFederalReserve

Systemistofostertheflowofcreditandmoneythatwilleventuallyfacilitatea

balanceininternationalpayments.

that.

介词as无法连接两个主谓句,应用关系连词连接,构成宾语从句

Abiologistdoesnotmerelydescribeorganisms,buttriestolearn----actastheydo.

(A)whatcausesthemto

(B)causesthemtowhat

(C)whattocausethem

(D)whatcausetothem

空格处需要的是动词learn的宾语,B是谓语形式可先排除;

因不符合固定词组causesomebodytodo,C和D均可排除;

A是what引导的宾语从句,符合题意

54

第三节状语从句

状语从句是从句中的一大类,在考题中更是频繁出现,它的主要功能是作主句的状语,由完整的主谓句

构成。

状语从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密,但在逻辑上是不可分割的

考点一分类及主要引导词

1.时间状语从句

主要引导词:

when,whenever,before,after,until,while,since,once,solongas,assoonas,themoment,everytime,as,nexttime

IwillcallyouafterIgettothecompany.

Idon'

tcallheruntilIgettothecompany.

EverytimeIfeellonely,shecomestotalktome.

2.地点状语从句

where,wherever

Whereveryougo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.

3.原因状语从句

because,as,since,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat,seeingthat

inthat是书面语中原因状语从句的引导词,相当于because,在填空题中曾经出现

Nowthatitisraining,we'

dbettercancalthemeeting.

4.目的状语从句

sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest

5.结果状语从句

so…that,sothat,such…that

so…that句式和too…to句式的区别是重要考点之一,so…that接从句;

too…to接不定式

Theoldladyissogenerousthatalotofpeopleadmireher.

Sheistooyoungtoresistit.

6.条件状语从句

if,unless,incase,solongas,oncondition(that),provided(that)

7.让步状语从句

though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever

注意though,although等都不能够与but连用

Anthropologyisascience----anthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.

(A)inthat

(B)thatin

(C)that

(D)in

空白处前后均是完整的主谓句,意思上后者是对前者的解释说明,推知需填入从句引导词,inthat是一特殊的状语从句引导词,表示原因,与此句意思吻合

Gorillasarequietanimals,----theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.

55

(B)inspiteof

(C)becauseof

(D)eventhough

空白前后都是完整的主谓句,需填的一定是连词,可首先排除BC,A引导的宾语从句不能接在表语后,只有D正确,构成状语从句

Pureflintistoohardandeven-grainedthatitchipsinsmoothcurvedflakes.

so.

so...that是固定句式,表示如此……以至于

考点二状语从句中的省略

部分状语从句可以省略,在填空题中时有出现

Althoughdefeated,hedidnotloseheart.(从句中省略了hewas)

Ifinformedtimely,Iwouldn'

thavemissedthemeeting.(从句中省略了Iwere)

----relativelycostly,thedieselengineishighlyefficientandneedsservicinginfrequently

(A)Even

(B)Itis

(C)Eventhough

(D)Thereis

逗号后是完整的句子,缺少的可能是从句或状语的一部分,B、D是主谓结构,肯定不对;

A是副词,为甚至之意,放在原句中讲不通;

C是尽管的意思,实际上省略了状语从句的主谓语itis,符合题意.还需注意的是costly是形容词而不是副词

Although----rigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.

(A)apparently

(B)areapparently

(C)apparentlytheir

(D)aretheyapparently

although是让步状语从句引导词,空格处需要从句的主谓语,B缺少主语,D不应倒装,可先排除;

their不能修饰形容词rigid,B也可排除;

A是从句的省略式,相当于Althoughtheyareapparentlyrigid第四节同位语从句

句子的同位语多由名词短语充当,但少数词之后可接由that引导的从句作同位语,此时需和定语从句相区别,同位语从句中that不在从句中承担成分,而且不可省略

Iwasdisillusionedbythefactthathehaddesertedusforever.

56

Theideathatmanisinferiortoanimalsisquiteunacceptable.

可接同位语从句的名词有:

fact,reason,idea,news,hope,doubt,belief,proof等

Astronomydevelopedfromtheobservation----throughregularcyclesofmotion.

(A)goingtoheavenlybodies

(B)theheavenlybodiesgoing

(C)heavenlybodiesthatgo

(D)thattheheavenlybodiesgo

空格前是句子的主谓语,之后是介词短语,选项中只有D可将前后两部分连接起来,构成observation的同位语从句

Alchemistshadtheideawhichbyapplyingche

micalvaporstobasemetalsthey

couldcreategold.

从句表达的

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