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实习一指导书Word格式文档下载.docx

Themostusefulforthisclassisaccessedbyclickingonthelittlequestionmark(?

)ontheupperrightsideoftheENVIinterface.

OpeningImages(打开影像)

1)StartENVI.

2)Let’sopenaLandsatThematicMapper(TM)imageinfolder“TM20080802”.Clickasthisfollowingfigureshow.

3)Inthisfolderisafoldercalled“SCENE01”,inthisfolder,choose“header.dat”andclickOK.Itshouldopen.

4)Openanimageingrayscale(灰度影像).

Inthe“availablebandlists”,chooseanyoneband,click“grayscale”whichisadefaultoption,andclick“loadband”,thenthisimageisshowinginthreewindows,oneisforimage,oneisforscroll,oneisforzoom.

Nowlet’sopenasecondwindowsothatyoucandisplaytwoimagessidebyside.Chooseanotheroneband,andclick“NoDisplay”,choose“NewDisplay”,click“LoadBand”,thenthisimageisshowinginanotherthreewindows

5)openanimageinRGBColor(彩色影像).

Chooseoption“RGBColor”whichisnexttooption“GrayScale”.ThenchooseonebandforchannelR,anotheronebandforChannelG,andanotheroneforChannelB,thenclick“loadband”

 

6)ChangingtheColorScheme(改变配色方案,即选择不同的波段分别赋给R、G、B三个通道,查看合成结果)

Theappearanceofanimagedependsonhowyouchoosetoassignthethreeadditiveprimarycolors(red,greenandblue)tosatelliteimagebands(alsocalledspectralbandsorchannels).Theconventionistoassignwhicheverspectralbandcorrespondstonearinfrared(NIR)tothecolorred.

TheTMimagethatyouareusinghas7spectralbands,numbered1–7,eachofwhichhascapturedadifferentpartoftheelectromagneticspectrum.Nowyouwilltrytochangethebandsthatareassignedtotheprimarycolorstomaketheimagelooklikewhatyouwouldseewithyoureye(orwithaconventionalcamera).Noticethattherearevariouscontrolsforchangingtheappearanceofimages.Experimentwithvariousbandcombinationswiththegoalofmakinganimagelooklikeitwouldlooktoyoureye.Notethatanystandingwaterwillbedark,vegetationwillbegreenish.Ontheworksheet,recordthebandtoprimarycolorcombinationsthatresultin“truecolor.”

GettingInformationaboutanImage(获取影像信息)

Oftenyouneedtogatherbasicinformationaboutimagefiles.First,someterminology:

“Raster”isthetechnicaltermforimageorGISdatathatarecomposedofpixelsarrangedinrows(orlinesorrecords)andcolumns(orsamples).Eachx,y(row,column)gridcelliscalleda“pixel”(justlikeinyourdigitalcamera).(栅格数据)

“Vector”isthetechnicaltermforGISpoint,line,andpolygondataincomputer(digital)format.Vectordataarecomposedofthex,ycoordinatesofpointsandinformationaboutifandhowthepointsareconnectedintolinesorareas(polygons).(矢量数据)

AlayerinENVIiseitherasinglerastersatellitebandoravectordataset.(ENVI中图层可以是栅格也可以是矢量)

Afile(e.g.animagefile)canhaveoneorseverallayers.(一个影像文件中可有一个或多个图层)

Getthemapinformation:

Click⊕infrontof“mapinfo”in“availablebandlist”,thenyouwillseethemapinformationforthisimage.Readcarefullysothatyoucananswertheworksheetquestions.(获取地图信息)

RightClickontheLayerInfoiconatthetopofyour“availablebandlists”andchoose“EditHeader”.Awindowwillopenthatincludessomebasicinformationaboutthisfile,includingthenumberoflayers(bands),thenumberofcolumns(width)androws(height),thetypeofdata.(查看文件的基本信息)

RightClickontheLayerInfoiconatthetopofyour“availablebandlists”andchoose“QuickStats”.Afterafewminutes,awindowwillopenthatincludessomebasicinformationaboutthisfile,includingtheminimum,maximumandmeanpixelvaluesandotherinformationforeachband.Exploresomeofthetabsonthisinformationwindow(andanswertheworksheetquestions).(查看文件的统计信息)

LinkingandUnlinkingImagesinSeparateGraphicsWindows(影像关联及解除影像关联)

Itisoftenusefulto“Link”viewerstogethersothatyoucanidentifythesamelocationintwoormoreimages.Gobacktoyour“Availablebandlist”,clicktwodifferentbandsonebyoneanddisplaythemintwodifferentwindows.Inanyoneimage,clickasthefollowingfigureshow:

(基于像素的关联)

Awindowdisplayedas:

ClickOK,thenthosetwoimageslinked.

ClickCursorlocations/valueasthefollowingfigureshow:

Ifyourimagesarelinked,redrectangleswillappearinbothimages(iftheyaren’tlinkedthewhitecrosswillonlyappearintheactiveimage)andawindowwillpopupthatcontainsinformationabouttheexactpixelattheintersectionoftherectangles.Movetherectanglearoundwithyourmouseandnotethatitmovesinbothimages.

Theabovemethodisalinkbasedonimagepixel.Pleasetrytolinktoimagebasedongeographicallocations.(基于地理位置的关联)

Worksheet:

Lab01:

IntroductionToENVI

(作业,要求每个题在必要的地方要截图,对结果仔细分析后回答问题)

1.Whataretherolesofthethreedifferentwindowsforoneimage?

(影像显示时,三个不同窗口的作用是什么?

答:

therearethreewindows,oneisforimage,oneisforscroll,oneisforzoom.

1.MainImageWindow(主影像窗口)

主图像窗口是由一幅以全分辨率显示的图像的一部分组成。

该窗口在你第一次载入一幅图时自动地被启动。

2.ScrollWindow(滚动窗口)

滚动窗口是一个以二次抽样的分辨率显示大图像的小图像显示窗口。

只有要显示的图像比主图像窗口以全分辨率能显示的图像大时,才会出现滚动窗口。

3.zoomWindow(缩放窗口)

缩放窗口是一个晓得图像显示窗口,它以用户自定义的缩放系数使用象元复制来显示主图像窗口的一部分。

2.Whatistheprojectionofthisimage?

whatisthepixelspatialresolution?

(给定影像的投影方式是什么?

空间分辨率是多少?

横轴墨卡托投影分辨率为25米

3.DescribetheTMimagethatyouoriginallyopenedusingthestandardfalsecolorcomposition(标准假彩色合成)(inanRGBimage,Band4(近红外波段)forchannelR(红通道),Band3(红波段)forchannelG(绿通道),Band2(绿波段)forchannelB)(蓝通道).(影像的彩色合成)

a.Whatcoloristhevegetationsurroundingtown?

Why?

(城区外围植被是什么颜色,为什么?

红色

植被在近红外和红外波段的反射特性,-R,所以是红色。

b.Whatcoloristhewaterbody?

(水体是什么颜色,为什么?

黑色

水体在近红外波段反射率几乎为零

4.DescribetheTMimagethatyouoriginallyopenedusinganotherfalsecolorcomposition(另一种假彩色合成)(inanRGBimage,Band5forchannelR,Band4forchannelG,Band3forchannelB).(影像的彩色合成)

绿色,在近红外波段植被反射设置为绿色

b.Whatcoloriswaterbody?

理由如3-2,水体在近红外波段反射率几乎为零

5.Whatbandandcolorcombinationsarerequiredtomaketheimagelooklikewhatyoureyewouldsee(“truecolor”)?

(如何合成一景真彩色影像?

绿色

植被绿色设置正确

蓝色

水体蓝色设置正确。

c.Pleasemakeacomparisonofthevegetationcolor,waterbodycolorbasedontheresultsfromquestions3,4and5.(对3,4,5中植被、水体的颜色作一个对比.)

3,4水体都是黑色,而5是蓝色,水体在除蓝色以外波段吸收巨大,几乎不反射。

6.BasedontheLayerInformationwindowprovidethefollowinginformationabouttheTMimagefile:

(TM影像的相关信息)

a.Howmanybandsdoestheimagehave?

(影像有几个波段?

7个

b.WhatisthemeanpixelvalueforBand4?

(第4个波段像素DN值的平均值是多少?

106.119806

c.WhatistheminimumpixelvalueforBand2?

(第2个波段像素DN值的最小值是多少?

)0

d.Whatisthehistogramforallbandslikeinthisimage?

(显示该影像所有波段的直方图。

7.Linkband2andband6basedongeographicallocations:

(基于地理位置对波段2和波段6进行关联)

a.WhataretheDNvaluesofwaterbodysurroundingforbiddencityinband2andband6?

(波段2和波段6中紫禁城外水体的DN值各是什么?

波段2是32,波段6为138

b.WhataretheDNvaluesofvegetationinTiantanParkinband2andband6?

(波段2和波段6中天坛公园植被的DN值各是什么?

波段2为36波段6为142

Lab02:

ConvertingRadiancetoReflectance

(辐射率到反射率的转换)

Notethatthereisaworksheetattheendofthislabwrite-upthatyoumustturninattheendofthelabperiod.(实验后有一些问题,完成这些问题,并于是实习结束后上交)

TodaywewillusesomeENVItoolstoconvertwhatthesatellitemeasures,calledradiance,tothecharacteristicabilityofmaterialsonthegroundtoreflectlight(reflectance).Therearemanyconceptsintoday’slabthatwehavediscussedinmuchmoredetailinthepastfewweeks,rememberingthatreflectanceisNOTdirectlymeasuredbysatellitesandmustinsteadbecalculated.

First,somedefinitions:

DigitalNumber(DN)–theunitlessintegerthatasatelliteusestorecordradiance(e.g.0–255where0=noradianceand255=somemaximumamountofradiancethatthesensorissensitiveto).EachimagepixelhasoneDNforeachband.(DN值)

Radiance(L)–theamountoflightreceivedataparticularplace,inthiscaseasatellite(watts/m2/sr).(辐射率)

Irradiance(E)–theamountofincominglightfromthesun(eitheratthegroundoratthetopoftheatmosphere(TOA)(watts/m2).(入射辐射)

Reflectance(r)–theamountoflightthatreflectsoffofsomethingdividedbytheamountofincominglight(oftengivenasafractionorapercent).(反射率)

Transmittance(t)–theproportionoflightthatistransmittedthroughsomething(e.g.,throughtheearth’satmosphere),usuallygivenasafraction.(透过率)

Thefundamentaltaskinremotesensingisdistinguishingobjects(e.g.,plants,rocks)orproperties(e.g.,plantleafnutrientcontent)onearth,basedontheamounto

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