表解非谓语动词Word文档格式.docx
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2.非谓语动词作主语
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
动词不定式表示比较具体的意义,经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来,经常带时间或地点状语,有时表示将要发生的动作。
Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.
Todoitwellismydesire
Toseethisfilmistowastetime.
Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion
动词不定式(短语)作主语时,常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语,而将动词不定式(短语)移到谓语之后作真正主语。
用于这种形式是一些特定形容词,动词和名词
1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有:
important,difficult,easyhardpossible)
Itisfoolishtoactinthisway.
Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.
Itappearslikelyforthemtoarrive.
2)动词作谓语(常见的动词有:
require,cost,amuse,delight,irritate,annoy
Ittookmuchtimetodothis.
Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.
Itneededhardworktofinishthejob.
Itdoesnogoodtosaylikethat.
Itdidn'
toccurtometoaskhimtohelpme.
3)名词作表语
Itseemsapitytowastethem.
Itisagreatpleasuretodothis
Itisagoodideatothinkthisway.
动名词表求比较抽象(一般)和经常性的意义,有时可同不定式互换
Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.
Swimmingisabestsportinsummer.
Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.
Thereisnodenyingthefact.
Thereisnoneedinforminghimofit.
动名词短语作主语时,常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语面将动名词短语移至谓语之后作真实主语。
用于这种形式是一些特定形容词和名词
enjoyable,good,hard,worthwhile)
Itisnicetalkingtoyou.
It'
sfoolishbehavinglikethat.
Itisuselessdoingthat
2)名词作表语
swasteoftimedoingthis.It'
snogood(use)doingthat.
sanawfuljobdoingthis.It'
sfundoingthis
Itisnotaneasytaskdoingthiswork.
3.非谓语动词作宾语
成分
不定式的逻辑主语一般同谓语动词的主语一致
Iwanttoreadanovel.
用于该形式的常见的动词有:
afford,agree,aim,apply,arrange,ask,choose,claim,decide,decline,demand,desire,determine,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,seek,swear,threaten,wish.
有时宾语省略不定式符号(常见的有:
letfall,letpass,letgo,letslip,'
dbetter,'
drather,'
dsoon,
Hemadebelievehewascorrect.
动词不定式(短语)作宾语时,如其后有补足语,则可以用先行语it作形式宾语,而将动词不定式(短语)后移作直接宾语
HefounditnecessarytoworkhardatEnglish.
acknowledge,believe,consider,count,declare,deem,deny,esteem,fancy,feel,find,guess,imagine,judge,know,make,prove,realize,report,see,show,suppose,suspect,take(think),understand,think.
动名词的逻辑主语有时同谓语动词的主语不一致
Doyoumindmysmoking?
动名词(短语)作宾语时,如其后有补足语则可以用先行词it作形式宾语,而将动名词短语后移作直接宾语
Wefoundittroublesomesolvingthisproblem.
Weconsideritworthwhilespendingsometimeonthis.
有一类动词后面必须跟动名词
Weenjoyedstayingthere.
常见的动词有:
admit,abhor,acknowledge,advise,advocate,avoid,confess,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,discontinue,excuse,evade,fancy,finish,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep(on),mind,necessitate,pardon,postpone,practise,renounce,resent,facilitate,favor,miss,resist.
有一类动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式
1)意义区别不大。
Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.
start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,commence,attempt,intend,propose,decline,endure,neglect,omit,recollect,recall,bear.
2)意义有区别
a)rememberdoingsth记住做过某事。
remembertodosth记住要做某事。
b)forgetdoingsth忘记做过某事。
forgettodosth记住要做某事。
c)regretdoingsth遗憾做过某事。
regrettodosth遗憾要做某事。
d)trydoingsth试着做某事。
trytodosth努力做某事。
e)meandoingsth意旨做某事。
meantodosth打算做某事。
f)stopdoingsth停止做某事。
stoptodosth停下来做某事。
g)can'
thelpdoingsth忍不住做某事。
can'
thelptodosth不能帮做某事。
h)goondoingsth继续做某事。
goontodosth接着做另一事。
这一类多是动词和小品词构成的短语
Heinsistedondoingthat.
常见的短语有:
standup,leaveoff,putoff,giveup,can'
thelp(stand)
这一类多数是一些特定的用法。
Heisabouttoleave.Hedidnothingbutplay.
'
dratherdosth,'
dbetterdosth,'
dlike/lovetodosth,
宾语宾补
强调动作发生的事实、将要和应该做的事
Wesawhimcomein.Iaskedhimtohelpme.
Ihelpedhim(to)learnEnglish.
Hearrangedformetostaythere.
1)省略不定式符号的动词:
make,let,have,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listento,lookat
2)表示“致使”意义的动词:
advice,cause,allow,ask,beg,drive,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,permit,persuade,remind,teach,tell,trust,urge,want,warn
3)表示心理状态的动词:
consider,declarefind,prove,think,know,believe,discover,feel,imagine,judge,suppose,understand.
4)短语动词arrangefor,preparefor,providefor,askfor,carefor,longfor,waitfor,votefor,callon,relyon,dependon,counton
说明实际的情况,这种形式数量不多。
Wecallthisprocesstesting.
Weknowoftheearthbehavingasalargemagnet.
分词
现在分词
强调动作进行的过程
Ifoundhimcomingin.
Hekepthimwaitingoutside.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式,这时分词成了主语补语,分词形式不变。
Hewasseencomingin
过去分词
表示动作已完成,同宾语是被动关系,说明动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
have(get)表示的动作往往表示别人完成,有时这个动作可能由主语完成
Wefoundhimtiedtothetree.
Ihadmyhaircut.
Ican'
tgetthismotorstarted.
Hewasfoundtiedtothetree.
这一类多是一些特定的形式,
IhardlyrememberwhatIdidbesidesread.
Hehadnothinginmindexcepttoworkhard.
Itisbettertodosomeworkthantospendthetimeidly.
Thereisnowayoutthanclimbthecliff.
这一类数量较多。
I'
mafraidofmakingmistakeswhilespeakingEnglish.
Heenjoysdoingnothingbuttalkingwithher.
On(assoonashearrived)arriving,hecametoseehisfriend.
In(while)doingthis,helearnedalot.
常见的短语:
lookforwardto,beusedto,objectto,preferdoingsthtodoingsth
形容词宾
这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
Iamgladtoseeyou.
常见的形容词有:
cross,angry,context,furious,happy,impatient,curious,proud,sorry,thankful,free,grateful,keen,anxio7us,eager,pone,ready,reluctant,willing,humble,jealous,miserable,(un)able,lucky,sad
Iamsurprisedtoseeyou.
常见的过去分词有:
annoyed,ashamed,astonished,bored,concerned,amazed,confuseddelighted,determined,disappointed,disgusted,displeased,dissatisfied,distressed,embarrassed,excited,fascinated,inclined,overjoyed,overwhelmed,pleased,prepared,puzzled,qualified,worried,offended,scared,thrilled,vexed
这一类多是一些特定的用法。
Thetreeseemsliketrembling.
Thebookisworthreading.
Heisbusyworking.
4.非谓语动词作表语
连系动词
表示具体的动作,表示打算、计划、命令和要求等意义
有时可用appear,seem,happen等作连系动词
Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.(一般同主语的形式一直)
WhatIwantedtodoiswriteitdown.
Theonlythingyoucandoiswaitandsee.
HowamItopaysuchadebt?
Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.
Hewasnevertoseehisfriendagain.
Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.
Heseemstobeill.
常作主语的名词有:
aim,ambition,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistakes,plan,purpose,suggestion.
相当于名词,说明主语动作的情况和状态。
一般是be
Whatlikebestisswimminginthesea.
MyjobisteachingEnglish
(MyjobistoteachthemtolearnEnglish.)
Seeingisbelieving.
有时同不定式可以互换
Ourdutyisservingthepeople.
Ourdutyistoservethepeople.
现在分词
相当于形容词,说明主语动作性质的。
一般分词后不再接任何成份
有时可用become;
get等
Itisannoyingthatthemeetingshouldbeputoff.
常见作表语的现在分词有:
amusing,boring,charming,comforting,confusing,disappointing,discouraging,disturbing,embarrassing,exciting,pleasing,fascinating,interesting,inviting,missing,obliging,promising,puzzling,shocking,striking,surprising.
相当于形容词说明主语动作的性质或状态,一般后面带介词短语,有些形容词化的过去分词前可加very.
get;
remain;
appear;
seem;
fell;
go;
look等动词
Heremainedpuzzled.Heappearedsatisfiedwiththat.
Myworkisfinished.Mywatchisgone.
1)常见带介词about分词:
annoyed,concerned,excited,pleased,puzzled,shocked,worried2)常见带介词at分词:
amazed,amused,annoyed,astonished,delighted,disappointed,disgusted,displeased,dissatisfied,excited,offended,overjoyed,pleased,shocked,surprised,3)常见带介词against分词:
arranged,prepared,irritated,arranged4)常见带介词for分词:
celebrated,concerned,destined,disqualified,noted,prepared,pressed,qualified.5)常见带介词in分词:
absorbed,celebrated,concerned,disappointed,delighted,dressed,embarrassed,engaged,entangled,experienced,interestedlost,6)常见带介词on分词:
founded,based,bent,set7)常见带介词to分词:
abandoned,accustomed,acquainted,addicted,adapted,committed,dedicated,destined,devoted,doomed,engaged,entitled,exposed,known,lost,opposed,related,inclined,married8)常见带介词with分词:
annoyed,bored,concerned,delighted,disappointed,discontented,disgusted,displeased,dissatisfied,equipped,excited,occupied,obsessed,pleased,pressed,satisfied,socked,stunned,surroundedloaded,tormented,torture
5.非谓语动词作定语
位置
动词不定式必须放在所修饰词(名或代)后
表示将要发生,应该做的动作,说明动作在谓语动词表示动作之后,具有形容词性质。
Ihavemuchworktodo.
Hehasnoplacetolivein.
有时根据意思的需要加介词,这时介词不能省略,因被修饰的名词是它的宾语。
动名词放在在所修饰的词前
说明所修饰词的性质,具有名词的性质,它同所修饰的名词间不存在什么主谓关系
Helookedmewithquestioningeyes.
alivingroom.
一般形式
在所修饰词前,有些放在所修饰词后
说明正在进行的动作,同它所修饰的动作存在着逻辑主谓关系
asleepingboy,onthedayfollowing,foryearsrunning
表示被动的意思,多数不及物动词的过去分词不能用作定语,只有少数表示动作改变的动词表示在谓词动词动作之前完成
alostchild,afallenleaf,retiredworkers,fadedflowers
Wehavenotimeleft.
Filltheblankswiththewordsgiven.
短语
放在所修饰词后
一般表示要做和应该做的动作。
Heisthefirstonetocomethismorning.
Ihavealotofhouseworktodoathome.
Thereisalotofworktodointhecompany.
Hedidn'
thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.
1)一般所修饰词是抽象名词
agreement,attempt,claim,decision,decisive,determination,failure,h