乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照Word文档格式.docx

乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照Word文档格式.docx

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TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987，definingsustainabledevelopmentas”developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds”。

Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld，havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997（WTO,1998）.Itisamajoreconomicforce，havinggeneratedin1996anestimated3，153.3billionUSDingrossoutput，creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10。

7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct，investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually，andcontributingmorethanapp。

653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue（WTTC，1996）。

Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof”alternative"

tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment。

Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld—widetourismindustry。

ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth’sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared。

Sustainabletourismhasseveral—oftenseriouslydebated—definitions。

AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis”allformsoftourismdevelopment，managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental，socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural，builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity”（FNNP，1993）.ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich”operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources；

recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities，customsandlifestyles，maketothetourismexperience；

acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism；

andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas”（TourismConcern＆WWF,1992）。

Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld。

However，thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications（Mowforth&

Munt，1998）。

Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnotcauseirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'

secosystem，isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension，sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend。

Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism（boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves）withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctiveculturaltraitsagainstthepressureofboththeso—called"

touristculture”andthe"

residualculture"

ofthevisitors（Jafari，1987）。

Economicsustainabilityreferstoalevelofeconomicgainfromtourismthatissufficienttoprovideanappropriateincomeforthelocalcommunity（comparedtotheinconveniencecausedbytheactivitiesofthetourismsector）andtocoverallthecostsofanyspecialmeasuretakentosatisfythetourists（thusapreconditionofeconomicsustainabilityistheattractivenessofanareaandtheperceivedhighqualityofitstouristsupply：

withoutbeinginacompetitivepositionintheworldmarket，nodestinationcanbeeconomicallysustainable）.

Thedifferentaspectsofsustainabilitydonotcompete,butmustbeseenasequallyimportant。

Highlevelofeconomicprofitabilitymustnotbeconsideredasatooltocoveroverthedamagedonetosocialornaturalresources,buttherelativefragilenatureoftheselattermustnotcreateaplanningenvironmentwhereeconomicconsiderationsarenotbeingtaken（properly）。

Sustainabletourismdevelopmenthastobeeconomicallyviableandnaturallyandculturallysensitiveatthesametime。

Aswecouldsee，inappropriatetourismdevelopmentresultsinincreasingstressondestinationsandconsequentlyinnegativechangesinthedestinations’physical,economicandsocial—culturalcharacteristics。

Inordertoavoidorminimiseunfavourableimpacts,decision-makersmustbeawareofallthefactorsthatplayaroleinthedevelopmentprocess.Inthemeasurementoftheprogressthatanindividualdestinationismakingtowardssustainabletourismdevelopment，sustainabilityindicatorsarecommonlyacceptedasonesetofusefultools。

INDICATORSOFSUSTAINABILITY

”Indicatorsmeasureinformationwithwhichdecision—makersmayreducethechancesofunknowinglytakingpoordecisions”（WTO,1996）.Inotherwords，indicatorsareasetofusefulmeasuresofthosefactorsthatareimportanttothedecision—makers（therelativesignificanceofthesefactorsdependontheirrelevancetothedevelopmentobjectivesofagivendestination,andontheirimportancetotourists）。

”Indicatorsarebothatoolformanagementtodayandaninvestmentinthefuture,sincetheyreducetheriskofinadvertentdamagetotheresourcebaseonwhichthe[tourist]industrydepends”（WTO,1996）.

Basedondifferentguidelinesandrecommendations（TourismConcern＆WWF,1992;

McCool&

Watson,1994；

Murphy,1994;

Howie,1996;

Swarbrooke,1996;

WTO，1996;

Mowforth＆Munt，1998），theindicatorssuggestedforthepurposeofthisstudyarethefollowing（Table1）：

Table1-IndicatorsofSustainabilityinRuralTourism

Indicator

Measure

1。

Stress

—Numberofvisitors/tourists（perannum/season）

2.Socialstress

-Ratioofvisitor/touristnumberstolocalpopulation（perannum/season）

3.Attractiveness

-Listofnaturalandculturalresources

—Rateofattractivenessofnaturalandculturalresources

4。

Planningprocess

—Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfordevelopment

5.Tourismplanningprocess

—Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfortourismdevelopment

6.Areaprotection

—Categoryofprotection

-Percentageofprotectedareacomparedtothewhole

territoryofthedestination

7.Localinvolvement

-Ratioofthenumberoflocallyownedtouristbusinessestothetotalnumberoftouristbusinesses

8.Localcontrol

-Existenceofformalmeasures（publichearing，communitymeeting，localreferendum）toensurelocalcontroloverevelopmentplanningandimplementation

9.Employment

-Numberofjobscreatedintourism（full-timeequivalent）

—Ratiooflocalemployeenumbertothenumberofguestworkers

10.Tourismcontributiontothelocaleconomy

-Proportionoftotaltaxincomegeneratedbytourismonly

11.Economicdiversity

—Shareofdifferenteconomicactivitiesinthetotaltaxincome

12。

Energyconsumption

—Ratioofrenewableenergysourcestonon—renewableenergysources（consumption）

13。

Wastemanagement

-Percentageofhouseholdswithpropersewagesystem

-Percentageofwastereceivingtreatment

14。

Educationandtraining

—Percentageoflocalpeopleinvolvedintourismwith

professionaltrainingandeducation

—Distributionoftourismemployeesbyeducation

—Percentageoftourismemployees（andlocalpeople）

participatinginon-the—jobtraininginagiventimeperiod

15.Localsatisfaction

-Overallperceptionoftourism'

simpactsinlocalcommunity

16。

Tourist

satisfaction

—Overallsatisfactionoftouristsconcerningthequalityandthevalue/priceratioofthecomplextouristproduct

—Percentage/changeofrepeatvisitscomparedtofirst-timevisits

THECONCEPTOFRURALTOURISM

Ruraltourismisanoldandanewphenomenonatthesametime。

Interestincountrysiderecreationstartedtogrewalreadyinthe19。

centuryasareactiontothestressoftheincreasingurbanizationandindustrialisation。

Theruralscenewasadmi