四级写作 基础训练Word格式文档下载.docx

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四级写作 基础训练Word格式文档下载.docx

containstwoormoreindependentclauses

Theseindependentclausesjointogetherinanyofthefollowingways.

①…;

e.g.Onlinelearningisnoteasierthanregularclassroomstudy;

itrequiresmuchtime,commitmentanddisciplinetokeepupwiththeflowofthecourse.

⏹②…,coordinateconj.…

coordinateconj.:

(and,or,nor,for,so,yet,but)

e.g.OnceinawhileIcriedwithfrustration,andsometimesIevenfeltlikegivingup.

⏹③…;

asentenceconnector,…

asentenceconnector:

(however,whereas,incontrast,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,therefore…..)

e.g.IwaseagertostudyEnglish;

however,thesituationwasfarfromperfect.

★avoidcommaslice(串句)

Pollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem,weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.(wrong)

●Pollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem;

(,and)weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.

●Pollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem;

therefore,weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.

●Sincepollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem,weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.

⑶complexsentence;

containoneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclause.

e.g.

⏹Ifyoukeepyourmindopentoyourparents,you’llfinditeasiertobridgethegenerationgap.

Avoidfragmentarysentence

Weshouldsaynowithouthesitationonsomeoccasions.Forexample,whentherequirementsareillegaloroutofyourreach.(wrong)

改变相应标点:

Weshouldsaynowithouthesitationonsomeoccasions—whentherequirementsareillegaloroutofyourreach.

⏹Insparetime,studentshaveaccesstocolorfulactivities.Togoinforsports,toreadinthelibraryandjoinsomeclubs.(wrong)

加进必要成分变成完整从句:

⏹IlookuponEnglishlearningasadifficultbutrewardingexperience.AexperiencethatIwillnevertradeforanything.(wrong)

⏹IlookuponEnglishlearningasadifficultbutrewardingexperience,whichIwillnevertradeforanything.

⏹不同句子类型间的变换

e.g.主从复合句转化为带有非谓语的简单句:

Thelawcanpunishthosewhoproduceorsellfakecommodities.

Thelawcanpunishthoseproducingorsellfakecommodities.

Theadvancedtechnologyandcompetitivesocietycallonuscollegestudentstokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinsciencesothatwewillnotbeeliminated.

Theadvancedtechnologyandcompetitivesocietycallonuscollegestudentstokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinsciencesoasnottobeeliminated.

⏹主从复合句与并列句的转换

Iwasjustgoingtoexplainwhenthebellrang.

Iwasjustgoingtoexplain,andthenthebellrang.

Ifyougooutofyourownculture,youcanwatchtheworldandyourselfformdifferentangles.

Gooutofyourownculture,andyoucanwatchtheworldandyourselfformdifferentangles.

⏹简单句与并列句的转换

Therequirementisveryhigh,soIcannotreachit.

Therequirementistoohighformetoreach.

⏹2.长短句错落有致,搭配合理

e.g.

Abasicreasonfordivorceisthatsomepeoplearenotreallyreadyformarriage,perhapsbecausetheyarestillestablishingthemselvesintheircareersandhaven’thadenoughtimetogettoknowthemselvesandmanymembersoftheoppositesex,butfamilypressuresmakethemfeelthatsomethingiswrongwiththemastheyarenotmarried,andsotheymarryinhastewithoutknowingeachotherwell.

句子长而复杂,没有适当断句,缺乏层次感,语义模糊

Abasicreasonfordivorceisthatsomepeoplearenotreallyreadyformarriage.Astheyarestillestablishingthemselvesintheircareersandhaven’thadenoughtimetogettoknowthemselvesandmanymembersoftheoppositesex.However,familypressuresmakethemfeelthatsomethingiswrongwiththemastheyarenotmarried.Sotheymarryinhastewithoutknowingeachotherwell.

⏹Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirs.Undersuchcircumstance,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.

⏹Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.

⏹Liesdoharmtothosewhosearebeingtoldlies.Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.

⏹Liesnotonlydoharmtothosewhosearebeingtoldlies,butalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.

⏹Hisfather,whoisasalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.

⏹Hisfather,asalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.

⏹3.注意句子成分顺序排列的多样性,避免过多使用主语—动词谓语—宾语—其他成分。

圆周句与松散句相结合。

Periodicsentence:

modifyelements+mainidea

Loosesentence:

mainidea+modifyelements

modifyelements:

副词,介词短语,状语从句,不定式,分词等

⏹Asopposedtojusttakingnotes,studentsshouldparticipateindiscussionsactively.

⏹Studentsshouldparticipateindiscussionsactivelyasopposedtojusttakingnotes.

⏹Ifyoucankeepthelinesofcommunicationopen,you’llfinditeasiertogetalongwellwithyourparents.

⏹You’llfinditeasiertogetalongwellwithyourparentsifyoucankeepthelinesofcommunicationopen.

⏹4.灵活运用各种句式:

倒装强调适当穿插,主动被动合理运用,比较结构的巧妙运用,经典句式作为点睛之笔,适当运用修辞手法,恰当使用格言警句

Notonlydidlearninganotherlanguageteachmethevalueofhardwork,butitalsogavemeinsightsintoanotherculture,andmymindwasopenedtonewwaysofseeingthings.

⏹Itwashumanbeings’greed,ignoranceandwastethatledtothedeteriorationoftheenvironment.

⏹Idohopethatyouwillconsidermeforyourposition.

⏹Justasmotherisindispensabletochild,soisstudytoourspirit.

⏹…so(such)…that…

⏹…sothat…

⏹Itis/was+a.+todosth./clause.

⏹…V.+it(形式宾语)+a.(补语)

⏹Thereisnodenyingthat…

⏹Nodoubtsthat….

⏹It’struethat….

⏹Itdoesn’tfollowthat…

⏹Itseemsthat….

⏹Whenitcomesto….

⏹Thereisnopoint/sense…

⏹Itishightimethat…

⏹Somebooksaretobetasted,othersareswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.

⏹Let’salwaysremember“Opportunitiesareonlyforthepreparedmind”and“Nopains,nogains.”

5.遣词用语准确地道,表达方式富于变化

Theradioclickedon.Rockmusicblastedforth.Likeashot,themusicwokeSandy……“Sandy,”shoutedherfather.“Sandy,turnthatmusicoff!

”SteveFinchburstintoherroom.

horrible/awful/offensive/disgusting/tuneless/unpleasant

annoyed,upset/disgusted/bored/

bother/trouble/disturb/interfere/bug/annoy

⏹enhance/strengthen/reinforce/boost/buildup/improve

⏹prosandcons/advantagesanddisadvantages/positiveaspectsandnegativeones/benefitsandproblems(drawbacks)

⏹outweigh/outshine/edgeout

Howtoachievecoherence?

1.arrangesentencesinlogicalorder上下句之间意义联系紧密,逻辑关系明显

◆deduction(fromgeneralstatementtospecificstatements)

◆induction

◆sequenceoftimeandspace

◆sequenceofimportance….

2.灵活使用代词使意思表达连贯自然

3.恰当使用连接词

常用“表示各种承接关系的表达’’及经典句式

⏹1.time:

nowadays/atpresent/presently/recently/currently/today

meanwhile/atthesametime

eventually/ultimately/finally/atlast/atlength

gradually,suddenly,afterawhile/then/immediately/instantly,soon,soonerorlater,

nowandthen/attimes/sometimes/onceinawhile

nosooner…than…/hardly…when…/Themoment(instant/minute/second)…/

everytime/whenever/nomatterwhen/until/when/before/since/as/after

2.emphasis

inparticular/moreimportantly/mostimportantly/

aboveall/especially/mostofall/worstofall/bestofall

andequallyimportant/lastbutnotleast

Alsoimportantis….

Itisalsoimportanttodosth.

Nothingismoreimportantthan…

Whatismostimportantisthat…

Amoreimportantfactis…

…….isamajorconcern.

…..attachimportance/weightto….

……lay/putimportance/stresson…

…….outweigh….

3.肯定语气的表达

certainly/definitely/surely/absolutely//undoubtedly/indeed/beyondanydoubt/outofquestion/unquestionably/beyondquestion

Thereisnodoubtthat…

Thereisnodenyingthat…

Nodoubtsthat…

It’struethat…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…

Itisundeniablethat….

4.表示“可能,不确定的语气”

⏹It’squitelikelythat…

⏹Itmaywellbethat…

⏹Itremainstobeseen….

⏹Thereiseverychancethat…

⏹Chancesarethat…

⏹Itseemsthat…

Presumably

5.表示“相关”的表达

correspondingly/similarly/likewise/inturn

6.表示“对照比较”的表达

ononehand…ontheotherhand/foronething…foranother…/however/whereas/while/nevertheless/otherwise//incontrast(to/with)/onthecontrary/asopposedto/not…but…

Likewise/similarly/incomparisonwith/

⏹Justas…,so…(正如…,…也一样)

⏹Thesameistrueof/with…(…也是如此)

⏹Viceversa/thereverseistrue(反之亦然)

⏹Itisjusttheotherwayround(…,相反,…)

…theoppositeof…

…nolessthan…/less…than…

…nomore…than…/more…than…

as…as…

bearsimilarities/resemblanceto…

share/have…incommon

7.表示“递进”关系的表达

inaddition/besides/plus/furthermore/moreover/what’smore

8.表示顺序的表达

first…second/then…

Firstly…secondly….Finally

Tobeginwith/inthefirstplace/firstofall

9.表示因果关系的表达

Asaresult/asaconsequence/thus/hence/consequently/therefore/so/seeingthat/inthat/nowthat

⏹Owingto(becauseof/thanksto)sth.…

⏹Therearethreereasonsforthis.

⏹Thereasonsforthisareasfollows...

⏹Thisisdueto(resultsfrom)severalfactors.

⏹Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor…

⏹Onereasonisthat…

⏹…partlybecause…,partlybecause…

⏹Manyfactorsthatcontributeto(leadto/accountfor)…include…

⏹…..canbeattributedto….

■Diversecontributingfactorscanbeidentified.

■Ingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.

■Personally,thefollowingarethemosttypicalones.

⏹Theeffectisevident/obvious.

⏹Itwillhave/exertadee

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