英语语言学框架知识中文版Word格式文档下载.docx
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ThedescriptiOnOfaIanguageatsomePointintimeisaSynChroniCStUdy
ThedescriptiOnOfaIanguageasitChangesthroughtimeisadiachronicStUdy
InmodernIinguistics,SynChronicStUdySeemStoenjoyPriOrityoverdiachronicstudy.
SPeeChandWriting口头语与书面语
SPeeChenjoysPriOrityoverWritinginmodernIinguisticsStUdyforthefollowingreasons:
(1)SPeeChPreCedeSWritingintermsofevolutiOn
(2)alargeamountofcommuniCatiOnisCarriedoutinSPeeChtaninWriting
(3)SPeeChistheforminWhiChinfantsacquiretheirnativeIanguage
Languageandparole语言与言语
LanguagereferstotheabstractIinguisticSyStemSharedbyallthemembersofaSPeeChcommunity
ParolereferstotherealizationofIanguageinactualUSe
COmPetenceandPerfOrmance能力与运用
ChOmSkydefinesCOmPetenceastheidealusers'
knoWIedgeoftherulesofhisIanguage
PerfOrmance:
theactualrealizationofthisknoWIedgeinIinguisticcommuniCation
WhatisIanguage?
什么是语言?
LanguageisaSyStemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsUSedforhumancommuniCatiOn
CharaCteriStiCSofIanguage:
语言的特性
Languageisarule-governedSyStem
Languageisbasicallyvocal
Languageisarbitrary(thefactdifferentIanguageshavedifferentWordsfortheSame
ObjeCtisagoodillustratiOnOfthearbitrarynatureOfIanguage.ThiSConVentiOnalnature
OfIanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquOtatiOnfromShakeSPeare'
splay"
RomeoandJuliet"
:
"
ArosebyanyOthernamewouldsmellassweet."
)
LanguageisUSedforhumancommuniCatiOn
DeSignfeaturesoflanguage语言的甄另U特征
AmeriCanlinguistCharIeSHOCkettSPeCified12designfeatures:
1)arbitrariness武断性
2)PrOdUCtiVity创造性
3)duality二重性
4)displacement移位性
5)CUItUraItranSmiSSiOn文化传递性
二、音系学
语言的声音媒介
什么是语音学
发曰器官
音标……宽式和严式标音法
英语语音的分类
音系学和语音学
语音、音位、音位变体
音位对立、互补分部、最小对立
几条音系规则
超切分特征
TwomajormediaofcommuniCation:
SPeeChandWriting
TheIimitedrangeofSOUndSWhiCharemeaningfulinhumancommuniCationandareofinteresttoIinguisticStUdieSarethePhoniCmediumofIanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音,
这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。
Phonetics语音学:
isdefinedastheStUdyofthePhoniCmediumofIanguage;
itisConCernedWithalltheSOUndSthatoccurintheworld'
sIanguage.
ThreebranCheSofphonetics:
articulatoryPhonetics发音语音学(mosthighlydeveloped),auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学
OrganSofSPeeCh发音器官
ThearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingareContainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:
ThePharyngealCaVity咽月空thethroat
TheoralCaVity口腔themouth
ThenasalCaVity鼻腔thenose
VibratiOnOfthevocalcords(声带)resultsinaqualityofSPeeChSoUndScalled"
voicing"
浊音,WhiChisafeatureofallvowels元音andsomeConSonantS辅音。
单词补充:
01)velum:
ThesoftPalate.软腭
02)uvula:
Asmall,Conical,fleshymassoftissueSUSPendedfromtheCenterofthesoftpalate.小舌,悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块
03)larynx:
n.喉
04)vocalcord:
声带
05)membrane:
n.Athin,pliablelayerOftissueCoVeringSUrfaCeSOrSeParatingOr
Connectingregions,structures,orOrganSofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层,覆
盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官
06)thesoftPalate:
软腭
07)thehardPalate:
硬腭
08)theteethridge:
齿龈
09)alveolus:
AtoothSOCketinthejawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床
10)theteeth:
牙齿
11)thelips:
上下唇
12)bladeoftongue:
舌面
13)backoftongue:
舌根
14)Pharyngealcavity:
咽腔
15)nasalcavity:
鼻腔
16)velar:
ArtiCUIatedWiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftPalate,as
(g)ingoodand(k)incup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的,如在good中的
(g)以及在CUP中的(k)
17)thetipofthetongue:
舌尖
18)theUPPerfrontteeth:
上齿
19)theroofofthemouth:
上颚
20)thelowerlip:
下唇
InternationalPhoneticAIPhabet(IPA)
Thevowels(monoPhthOngSanddiphthOngS)元音(单元音&
双元音)
TheConStants辅音
BroadtranSCriPtion:
tranSCriPtiOnWithletter-symbolsOnly.(indictiOnariesand
teachingtextbooks)
用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法,这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。
NarrOWtranSCriPtion:
thetranSCriPtionWithdiacritics.
但实际上,同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同,比如Pit和SPit中的/P/音发音就不
一样。
在宽式标音的基础上,再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄
式标音法。
CIaSSifiCatiOnOfEnglishSPeeChSoUndS
ThebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaConStantisthatinthePronUnCiatiOnOftheformertheairthatcomesfromthelungsmeetsWithnoObStrUCtionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthatoftheIatteritisObStrUCtedinoneWayoranother.
CIaSSifiCatiOnOfEnglishConStants
英语辅音分类
此主题相关图片如下:
CIaSSifiCatiOnOfEnglishvowels
thePOSitiOnOfthetongueinthemouth舌位高低
theOPennessOfthemouth,口的张开程度
theShaPeofthelips园唇与否
lengthofthevowels元音的长度
Phonology音系学
Phonologyandphonetics
Phoneticsisofageneralnature;
itisinterestedinalltheSPeeChSoUndSUSedinallhumanlanguages.
语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音,旨在对语音进行描述和分类。
PhonologyisinterestedintheSyStemofSOUndSofaPartiCUIarlanguage;
itaimstodiscoverhowSPeeChSoUndSinalanguageformPatternsandhowtheseSoUndSareUSedtoConVeymeaninginlinguisticcommuniCation.
音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系,语音表达意义作用。
PhOne,PhonemeandallophOne语音,音位,音位变体
Phones,WhiChCanbeSimPIydefinedastheSPeeChSOundSWeUSeWhenSPeakingalanguage.语音是语音学研究的单位,是一个个具体的声音。
PhonologyisCOnCernedWiththeSPeeChSOUndSWhiChdistinguishmeaning.
音位是音系学研究的单位,是抽象的概念,每一个音位是一组语音特征的集合体,音位具有区别
意义的作用。
ThedifferentWhiChCanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalled
theallophOneSofthatPhoneme.
音位变体是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现,同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的
变体,也就是语音。
Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalPair
音位对立,互补分布,最小对立对
ropeandrobethat/P/and∕b∕CanOCCUrintheSameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning;
thereforetheyareinphonemiccontrast.
可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止,产生意义差别。
/P/and/Ph/thesetwoallophonesoftheSamephonemeareSaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
WhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineveryWayexceptforonesoundSegmentWhiCh
OCCUrSintheSameplaceintheStrings,thetwowordsareSaidtoformaminimalpair.[pen]and[ben]
最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。
Somerulesinphonology几条音系规则
SeqUentialrules序列规则:
blik,klib,bilk,kilbispossible.BUtlbki,ilbk,bkil,ilkbnotpossible.
Assimilationrules同化规则
DeIetiOnrule省略规则
Sign,design,thereisno{g}SoUnd
Signature,designatiOnthe{g}isPronoUnced.
DeIetea[g]WhenitOCCUrSbeforeafinalnasalconStant.
SUPraSegmentalfeaturesstress,tone,intonatiOn
超切分特征重音,声调,语调
thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovetheleveloftheSegmentsarecalledSUPraSegmentalfeatures;
超切分特征指切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。
三、MoRPHoLoGY形态学请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进行学习。
语素:
语言最小的意义单位
语素的类型
复合词的类型
复合词的特征
MorphologyisabranchOfgrammarWhiChStUdieStheinternalStruCtUreOfwordsandtherulesbyWhiChwordsareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:
inflectionalmorphologyandIeXiCaIorderivationalmorphology.
形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则,有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。
MOrPheme:
thesmallestmeaningfulUnitoflanguage.
语言最小的意义单位。
FreeMOrPheme:
AfreemorphemeisonethatCanStandbyitself.(independent
自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。
BoundMOrPheme:
AboundmorphemeisonethatCannOtStandbyitself.
粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词
BoundMOrPhemeinCIUdeStwotypes:
(1)root
(2)AffiX(词缀)
1)InfIeCtionaIaffixes(屈折词缀)(inflectionalmorphemes):
affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationShiPSare
SUffiX
inflectional
2)DeriVationalaffixes(派生词缀)A)prefix:
APrefiXcomesbeforewords.B)
AnadjectiveSUffiX(形容词后缀)thatisaddedtothestem,WhateVerCIaSSiSbelOngSto,
theresultwillbeanadjective.
free=freeroot(自由词根)
MOrPheme(词素)
BoUndrootPrefiX
boundderivational
affixSUffiX
RootandStem(词根和词干)
1)Root2)Stem
Thedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:
ArootisthebasicformofawordWhiChCannotbefurtheranalyzedWithOUttotallossofidentity.
AStemistheSUrPIUSPartaftertheCUttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordWith
inflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itSOmetimeScouldbearoot.
IndividualisticUndesirables
Individualist(Stem)Undesirable(Stem)
Individual(Stem)desirable(Stem)
dividual(Stem)desire(root,Stem)
divide(root,Stem)
AffiXation词缀法(DeriVation派生法):
addingword-formationorderivationalaffixesto
stem.
PrefiXation前缀@:
It'
stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaPrefiXeStostems.
1)'
表示否定'
nagativeprefixes:
Un-,non,in-,dis,a-etc.
2)HreVerSatiVeorPriVatiVeprefixes:
Un-,de-disetc.
3)'
表示贬义'
pejorativeprefixes:
mis-,mal-,PSeUdO-etc.
4)'
表示程度'
degreeorSiZeprefixes:
arch-,
SUPer-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-etc.
5)'
表示方向、态度'
orientatiOn&
attitudePrefiXes:
coUnter-,cOntra-,anti-,pro-etc.
6)locativePrefiXes:
SUPer-,sub-,inter-,trans-etc.
7)'
表示时间、次序'
timeandorderPre