TED英语演讲稿我们在出生前学到了什么Word格式文档下载.docx

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veencounteredtheZero-to-Threemovement,whichassertsthatthemostimportantyearsforlearningaretheearliestones.Andsoyouranswertomyquestionwouldbe:

Learningbeginsatbirth.

　　WelltodayIwanttopresenttoyouanideathatmaybesurprisingandmayevenseemimplausible,butwhichissupportedbythelatestevidencefrompsychologyandbiology.Andthatisthatsomeofthemostimportantlearningweeverdohappensbeforewe'

reborn,whilewe'

restillinthewomb.NowI'

masciencereporter.Iwritebooksandmagazinearticles.AndI'

malsoamother.AndthosetworolescametogetherformeinabookthatIwrotecalled"

Origins."

"

Origins"

isareportfromthefrontlinesofanexcitingnewfieldcalledfetalorigins.Fetaloriginsisascientificdisciplinethatemergedjustabouttwodecadesago,andit'

sbasedonthetheorythatourhealthandwell-beingthroughoutourlivesiscruciallyaffectedbytheninemonthswespendinthewomb.Nowthistheorywasofmorethanjustintellectualinteresttome.IwasmyselfpregnantwhileIwasdoingtheresearchforthebook.AndoneofthemostfascinatinginsightsItookfromthisworkisthatwe'

realllearningabouttheworldevenbeforeweenterit.

　　Whenweholdourbabiesforthefirsttime,wemightimaginethatthey'

recleanslates,unmarkedbylife,wheninfact,they'

vealreadybeenshapedbyusandbytheparticularworldwelivein.TodayIwanttosharewithyousomeoftheamazingthingsthatscientistsarediscoveringaboutwhatfetuseslearnwhilethey'

restillintheirmothers'

bellies.

　　Firstofall,theylearnthesoundoftheirmothers'

voices.Becausesoundsfromtheoutsideworldhavetotravelthroughthemother'

sabdominaltissueandthroughtheamnioticfluidthatsurroundsthefetus,thevoicesfetuseshear,startingaroundthefourthmonthofgestation,aremutedandmuffled.OneresearchersaysthattheyprobablysoundalotlikethethevoiceofCharlieBrown'

steacherintheold"

Peanuts"

cartoon.Butthepregnantwoman'

sownvoicereverberatesthroughherbody,reachingthefetusmuchmorereadily.Andbecausethefetusiswithherallthetime,ithearshervoicealot.Oncethebaby'

sborn,itrecognizeshervoiceanditpreferslisteningtohervoiceoveranyoneelse'

s.

　　Howcanweknowthis?

Newbornbabiescan'

tdomuch,butonethingthey'

rereallygoodatissucking.Researcherstakeadvantageofthisfactbyrigginguptworubbernipples,sothatifababysucksonone,ithearsarecordingofitsmother'

svoiceonapairofheadphones,andifitsucksontheothernipple,ithearsarecordingofafemalestranger'

svoice.Babiesquicklyshowtheirpreferencebychoosingthefirstone.Scientistsalsotakeadvantageofthefactthatbabieswillslowdowntheirsuckingwhensomethingintereststhemandresumetheirfastsuckingwhentheygetbored.Thisishowresearchersdiscoveredthat,afterwomenrepeatedlyreadaloudasectionofDr.Seuss'

TheCatintheHat"

whiletheywerepregnant,theirnewbornbabiesrecognizedthatpassagewhentheyhearitoutsidethewomb.Myfavoriteexperimentofthiskindistheonethatshowedthatthebabiesofwomenwhowatchedacertainsoapoperaeverydayduringpregnancyrecognizedthethemesongofthatshowoncetheywereborn.Sofetusesareevenlearningabouttheparticularlanguagethat'

sspokenintheworldthatthey'

llbeborninto.

　　Astudypublishedlastyearfoundthatfrombirth,fromthemomentofbirth,babiescryintheaccentoftheirmother'

snativelanguage.FrenchbabiescryonarisingnotewhileGermanbabiesendonafallingnote,imitatingthemelodiccontoursofthoselanguages.Nowwhywouldthiskindoffetallearningbeuseful?

Itmayhaveevolvedtoaidthebaby'

ssurvival.Fromthemomentofbirth,thebabyrespondsmosttothevoiceofthepersonwhoismostlikelytocareforit--itsmother.Itevenmakesitscriessoundlikethemother'

slanguage,whichmayfurtherendearthebabytothemother,andwhichmaygivethebabyaheadstartinthecriticaltaskoflearninghowtounderstandandspeakitsnativelanguage.

　　Butit'

snotjustsoundsthatfetusesarelearningaboutinutero.It'

salsotastesandsmells.Bysevenmonthsofgestation,thefetus'

tastebudsarefullydeveloped,anditsolfactoryreceptors,whichallowittosmell,arefunctioning.Theflavorsofthefoodapregnantwomaneatsfindtheirwayintotheamnioticfluid,whichiscontinuouslyswallowedbythefetus.Babiesseemtorememberandpreferthesetastesoncethey'

reoutintheworld.Inoneexperiment,agroupofpregnantwomenwasaskedtodrinkalotofcarrotjuiceduringtheirthirdtrimesterofpregnancy,whileanothergroupofpregnantwomendrankonlywater.Sixmonthslater,thewomen'

sinfantswereofferedcerealmixedwithcarrotjuice,andtheirfacialexpressionswereobservedwhiletheyateit.Theoffspringofthecarrotjuicedrinkingwomenatemorecarrot-flavoredcereal,andfromthelooksofit,theyseemedtoenjoyitmore.

　　AsortofFrenchversionofthisexperimentwascarriedoutinDijon,Francewhereresearchersfoundthatmotherswhoconsumedfoodanddrinkflavoredwithlicorice-flavoredaniseduringpregnancyshowedapreferenceforaniseontheirfirstdayoflife,andagain,whentheyweretestedlater,ontheirfourthdayoflife.Babieswhosemothersdidnoteataniseduringpregnancyshowedareactionthattranslatedroughlyas"

yuck."

Whatthismeansisthatfetusesareeffectivelybeingtaughtbytheirmothersaboutwhatissafeandgoodtoeat.Fetusesarealsobeingtaughtabouttheparticularculturethatthey'

llbejoiningthroughoneofculture'

smostpowerfulexpressions,whichisfood.They'

rebeingintroducedtothecharacteristicflavorsandspicesoftheirculture'

scuisineevenbeforebirth.

　　Nowitturnsoutthatfetusesarelearningevenbiggerlessons.ButbeforeIgettothat,Iwanttoaddresssomethingthatyoumaybewonderingabout.Thenotionoffetallearningmayconjureupforyouattemptstoenrichthefetus--likeplayingMozartthroughheadphonesplacedonapregnantbelly.Butactually,thenine-month-longprocessofmoldingandshapingthatgoesoninthewombisalotmorevisceralandconsequentialthanthat.Muchofwhatapregnantwomanencountersinherdailylife--theairshebreathes,thefoodanddrinksheconsumes,thechemicalsshe'

sexposedto,eventheemotionsshefeels--aresharedinsomefashionwithherfetus.Theymakeupamixofinfluencesasindividualandidiosyncraticasthewomanherself.Thefetusincorporatestheseofferingsintoitsownbody,makesthempartofitsfleshandblood.Andoftenitdoessomethingmore.Ittreatsthesematernalcontributionsasinformation,aswhatIliketocallbiologicalpostcardsfromtheworldoutside.

　　SowhatafetusislearningaboutinuteroisnotMozart'

s"

MagicFlute"

butanswerstoquestionsmuchmorecriticaltoitssurvival.Willitbebornintoaworldofabundanceorscarcity?

Willitbesafeandprotected,orwillitfaceconstantdangersandthreats?

Willitlivealong,fruitfullifeorashort,harriedone?

Thepregnantwoman'

sdietandstresslevelinparticularprovideimportantcluestoprevailingconditionslikeafingerliftedtothewind.Theresultingtuningandtweakingofafetus'

brainandotherorgansarepartofwhatgiveushumansourenormousflexibility,ourabilitytothriveinahugevarietyofenvironments,fromthecountrytothecity,fromthetundratothedesert.

　　Toconclude,Iwanttotellyoutwostoriesabouthowmothersteachtheirchildrenabouttheworldevenbeforethey'

reborn.Intheautumnof1944,thedarkestdaysofWorldWarII,GermantroopsblockadedWesternHolland,turningawayallshipmentsoffood.TheopeningoftheNazi'

ssiegewasfollowedbyoneoftheharshestwintersindecades--socoldthewaterinthecanalsfrozesolid.Soonfoodbecamescarce,withmanyDutchsurvivingonjust500caloriesaday--aquarterofwhattheyconsumedbeforethewar.Asweeksofdeprivationstretchedintomonths,someresortedtoeatingtulipbulbs.BythebeginningofMay,thenation'

scarefullyrationedfoodreservewascompletelyexhausted.Thespecterofmassstarvationloomed.AndthenonMay5th,1945,thesiegecametoasuddenendwhenHollandwasliberatedbytheAllies.

　　The"

HungerWinter,"

asitcametobeknown,killedsome10,000peopleandweakenedthousandsmore.Buttherewasanotherpopulationthatwasaffected--the40,000fetusesinuteroduringthesiege.Someoftheeffectsofmalnutritionduringpregnancywereimmediatelyapparentinhigherratesofstillbirths,birthdefects,lowbirthweightsandinfantmortality.Butotherswouldn'

tbediscoveredformanyyears.Decadesafterthe"

researchersdocumentedthatpeoplewhosemotherswerepregnantduringthesiegehavemoreobesity,morediabetesandmoreheartdiseaseinlaterlifethanindividualswhoweregestatedundernormalconditions.Theseindividuals'

prenatalexperienceofstarvationseemstohavechangedtheirbodiesinmyriadways.Theyhavehigherbloodpressure,poorercholesterolprofilesandreducedglucosetolerance--aprecursorofdiabetes.

　　Whywouldundernutritioninthewombresultindiseaselater?

Oneexplanationisthatfetusesaremakingthebestofabadsituation.Whenfoodisscarce,theydivertn