The Restrictive Function of Context on TranslationWord文档格式.docx

The Restrictive Function of Context on TranslationWord文档格式.docx

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III.TheFunctionoftheContex………………………………………………………

IV.LinguisticContextandTraslation.……………………….……………………

4.1LexicalContextandTranslation……………………….…………….……….………

4.2SemanticContextandTranslation………………………………….……….……….…

Ⅴ.Non-LinguisticContextandTranslation………………………………

5.1CulturalContextandTranslation…………………………………………………………

5.1.1MentalCulturalContextandTranslation（Idioms）…………

5.1.2MaterialCulturalContextandTranslation………………………………………

5.1.3PoliticalCulturalContextandTranslation………………………………………

5.2SituationalContextandTranslation……………………………………………………

5.3StylisticContextandTranslation…………………………………………………………

Ⅵ.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………

摘要

语境是翻译过程中的一个重要制约因素，不同的语境下，次和句子的含义不同。

如果源语言特定的语境进行翻译，就导致错误，出现误解。

语境对于翻译的作用是绝对的和不可否认，更是不容忽视的，因为语境决定着源语文本的意义，语境决定着翻译策略的选择，语境决定着的语文本的表达。

本文主要从语言语境和非语言语境和角度分析语境对翻译的制约作用。

着重讨论了非语言语境中，文化语境对翻译的制约作用。

关键词：

语境；

非语言语境；

制约作用；

文化

Abstract

Contextisanimportantrestrictivefactorintheprocessoftranslation.Indifferentcontexts,wordsandsentenceshavedifferentmeanings.Translationwithoutanalyzingthespecialcontextoftheoriginalsourcewillleadtomistakes.Thereisnodoubtthattherestrictivefunctionofcontextontranslationisabsoluteandshouldnotbeneglectedbecausecontextdeterminesthemeaningofthesourcetext,contextdeterminestheselectionofthetranslationstrategyandcontextdeterminestheexpressionofthetargettext.Thispapermainlyanalyzetherestrictivefunctionofcontextontranslationfromaspectsoflinguisticandnon-linguistic.Therestrictivefunctionofculturalcontexthasbeenputmoreemphasis.

Keywords:

context;

non-linguisticcontext;

restrictivefunction;

culture

I.Introduction

Languageisuniquetohumansocietyandtranslationisacomplexlanguagesocialactivity.Throughcenturies,Traslationdedicatestotheexchangeoftheinformationallthetime.Itisanprocessingofreproductinginonelanguagetheideaswhichhavebeenexpressedinanotherlanguage;

thisistosay,itisakindofinterlingualandinterculturalcommunicatingactivity.Itisakeyelementtoanalyzeandunderstandthesourcelanguage.Ofcourse,italsoincludestheanalysisofthecontext.Sotranslatershavetobesensitiveinanysourcetextfortheyarecomplicatedbetweentwoindenpendentsocialstructures.Theword“context”comesfromthelatinword“contextus”.Howiscontexttobedifined?

Althoughnumbersofscholarshavetheirowndefinitionsofcontext,theyjustexpressthesamemeaningindifferentways.thus,Inbrief,itisthelanguageenvironmetwhichissubjectiveandobjectiveenvironmentialfactorspeopleunderstandanduselangugetorelyonwhentheyarecommunicating.Thatistosay,langueisinsaparatablefromthecontext.it“cometolifeonlywhenfunctioninginsomeenvironment”（Halliday,1978:

28）.Indailylife,aslongaspeoplecommunicatewithspokenorweittenlanguage,theenvironmetoflanguagewillform.Soitispossibletoprobeintothefeelingandthoughtofwriterandtotranslateaexcllenttextwithlessambiguitiesandclosetotheoriginaltext.

II.TheDevelopmentoftheContextTheroy

Fortheconceptofthecontext,ItcantracebacktotheconceptsoflangueandparoleSaussuredistinguished.Inhisopinion,langueisthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker;

andparoleistheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics.“Forlangueisnotcompleteinanyspeaker;

itexistsperfectlyonlywithinacollectivity.Inaeperatinglanguefromparoleweareatthesametimeseparatingwhatissocialfromwhatisindividual;

andwhatisessentialfromwhatisaccessoryandmoreorlessaccidential.”（saussure13-14）Theconceptof“parole”hehadstated,infact,isakindofspeechactinthecontext.

However,ContexttheorywasfirstproposedbylinguistB.Malinowskiwhobelievedthatlanguagewasnotonlyamirrorofreflectedthoughts,butalsoamirrorofaction.Malinowski（1923）everpointedoutthatcontextcouldbeclassifiedinto“contextofsituation”and“contextofculture”.Theformerreferredsomethingthathadhappenedwhensomeonewasspeakingandthelattermeantthesocialculturewhichthespeakerlivedin.Onewascalled“magic”situationandtheotherwasaderivingusageoftheformer.

J.R.Firth,oneofthefoundersofLondonLinguisticSchool,lateracceptedanddevelopedMalinowski’sopinions.DeeplyinfluencedbyhisassociationwithMalinowski,Firthmovedintotheexplorationofmeaning.Hegaveillustrationoncontextindetailin1950,andputforwardthetheoryandmethodinstudyingutteranceinlinguisticenvironment.Inhisopinion,contextcouldbedividedintotwogroupsaswell,linguisticcontextandsituationalcontext.Tosomeextent,hisclassificationwasmucheasierforpeopletounderstandingbecausehepaidattentiontothemicroaspectofcontext.

ThenHalliday,developeddirectlyfromFirth’sperspectiveoftheoryofcontext.He（1976）pointedoutthateverylanguagewaslanguageinuse,inacontextofsituation,andallofitrelatedtothesituation.Headvocatedtoresearchonthelinguisticfunctionfromthesocialpointofview.Hethoughtbehaviorswerelargelylimitedbythecontext,andtheseletionoflanguageformwaslimitedbytheculturalcontext.Sohedividedthecontextintotwoparts—linguisticcontextandnon-linguisticcontext.In1964,hebroughtforthtrialistictheoryofregister—theenvironmentofthelanguageconsistofthecontext,formandtenor.

AnotherimportantsociolinguistD.H.Hymesalsofurtherdevelopedtheoryofcontextandplaceitintoahighposition.HedeeplypointedoutinFoundationsinSociolinguistics（1974）thatwhenpeoplecommunicatedwitheachother,theymusthavetwokindsofabilities,onamely,theabilitytouttercorrectwordsandtoutterappropriatewordsatcertaintime,placeandsetting,itwasthe“communicationability”.Inaword,thesetheorieshadinfluenceonthestudiesoftheory.

Butinchina,theresearchesonthecontextstartedlate.Manyscholarshavebeenresearchingthecontexttodifferentdegrees,andhaveachievedalot.

Themodernlinguistsstartedtostudycontextfromsomenewperspectivesfromthe1930s.Forexample,ChenWangdaoputforward“topicsituation”,whobelievedthatthetopicsituationwasthemostimportantthingforrhetoric.ZhangGonginhisworksModernChineseRhetoricputforwardthatcontextincludedthreeperspectives:

socialcontext,naturalcontextandlinguisticcontext.Inaworditcouldbedividedintosixaspects:

thesituationrelatingtospeaking,theusageoftimeandplace,theusageofnaturalscenery,therelationsuitableforspeaker,hearerandreader,thesituationforhearerandreader,andconsiderationaboutlinguisticcontext.

InDiscourseCohesionandCoherence,HuZhuanglinconsideredthatcontextmeanttheinnerenvironmentofcontextinnarrowsense.Thisisexplaincontextfromtheaspectoflinguisticknowledge.However,actualcommunicationisveryflexible.Inordertohaveabetterunderstandingofutteranceaccurately,itisimportantandnecessarytouselinguisticknowledgeinthetext.

Accordingtothefouraspectsofcommunication,WangXijieclassifiedcontentintolinguisticcontext,physicalcontext,culturalcontextandpsychologicalcontext.Linguisticalcontextcouldalsobefurtherdividedintointro-linguisticcontextandextra-linguisticcontext.Physicalcontextmainlyincludedthesubject,object,time,settingandtopic.Culturalcontextreferredtotheculturalbackgroundofcommunication,anditwasmainlyinculturalworld.BasedonWangWeixian’sopinion,contextwasasignsituationandcouldincludeallthemeaningsofcontext.Hemadeaclearexplanationaboutthesignsituationthatwhenpeoplewerespeaking,writing,operatingthetrafficlight,ringingtheair-raidalarmandsoon,thosesituationswerecalledsignsituation.

Traditionalcontextstudieshavemademuchprogressinalotofareas,nevertheless,therestillexistsomeproblems,forinstance,contexthasnotbeenpaidenoughattentiontoandthefunctionofcontextintranslationhavenotbeensystematicallydiscussed.Thisthesis,undertheguidanceofvariouskindsofreferencebooks,hasmadesystematicalstudyoftherelationshipbetweencontextandtranslationandtherestrictivefunctionofcontextontranslation.

III.TheFunctionofContext

Therearemanyfunctionsofcontext.AJapanesescholar,西桢光正claimsthatcontextincludeseightfunctions.Theyareabsolutefunction,restrictivefunction,interpretivefunction,designfunction,remedialfunction,generativefunction,transformingfunctionandacquisitivefunction.Contextanditsfunctionshadattractedpeople’sattention.InChina,LiuXiementioned“context”inhiswork.Hethoughtthat人之立言,因字而生句,积句而成章,积章而成篇.篇之彪炳,章无疵也;

章之明靡,句无玷也;

句之精英,字无妄也.Itshowedthathealreadyexplainedthefunctionofcontextwiththeexpressionandunderstandingoftheutterance，withtherelationshipamongwords,sentences,paragraphsandtexts.

Basedontheclassificationofthefunctionsofcontext,thisthesismainlydiscussesabouttherestrictivefunction.Restrictivefunctioncanbebrieflydefinedastheinfluenceofcontextwhichisbasedonthelinguisticapplicationandstudy.Itisakindoffunctionthatassistsinchoosingappropriateexpressionsaccordingtospecificcontextincommunication.

Inthe