The Restrictive Function of Context on TranslationWord文档格式.docx

1、III. The Function of the Contex IV. Linguistic Context and Traslation .4.1 Lexical Context and Translation . 4.2 Semantic Context and Translation . Non- Linguistic Context and Translation5.1 Cultural Context and Translation 5.1.1 Mental Cultural Context and Translation（Idioms） 5.1.2 Material Cultura

2、l Context and Translation5.1.3 Political Cultural Context and Translation5.2 Situational Context and Translation5.3 Stylistic Context and Translation.Conclusion Bibliography Acknowledgements 摘 要 语境是翻译过程中的一个重要制约因素，不同的语境下，次和句子的含义不同。如果源语言特定的语境进行翻译，就导致错误，出现误解。语境对于翻译的作用是绝对的和不可否认，更是不容忽视的，因为语境决定着源语文本的意义，语境

3、决定着翻译策略的选择，语境决定着的语文本的表达。本文主要从语言语境和非语言语境和角度分析语境对翻译的制约作用。着重讨论了非语言语境中，文化语境对翻译的制约作用。关键词：语境；非语言语境；制约作用；文化 AbstractContext is an important restrictive factor in the process of translation. In different contexts, words and sentences have different meanings. Translation without analyzing the special context

4、 of the original source will lead to mistakes.There is no doubt that the restrictive function of context on translation is absolute and should not be neglected because context determines the meaning of the source text, context determines the selection of the translation strategy and context determin

5、es the expression of the target text. This paper mainly analyze the restrictive function of context on translation from aspects of linguistic and non-linguistic. The restrictive function of cultural context has been put more emphasis.Key words: context; non-linguistic context; restrictive function;

6、cultureI. IntroductionLanguage is unique to human society and translation is a complex language social activity. Through centuries, Traslation dedicates to the exchange of the information all the time. It is an processing of reproducting in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another

7、 language; this is to say, it is a kind of interlingual and intercultural communicating activity. It is a key element to analyze and understand the source language. Of course, it also includes the analysis of the context. So translaters have to be sensitive in any source text for they are complicate

8、d between two indenpendent social structures. The word “context” comes from the latin word “contextus”. How is context to be difined? Although numbers of scholars have their own definitions of context, they just express the same meaning in different ways. thus, In brief, it is the language environme

9、t which is subjective and objective environmential factors people understand and use languge to rely on when they are communicating. That is to say, langue is insaparatable from the context. it “come to life only when functioning in some environment” （Halliday, 1978: 28）. In daily life, as long as p

10、eople communicate with spoken or weitten language, the environmet of language will form. So it is possible to probe into the feeling and thought of writer and to translate a excllent text with less ambiguities and close to the original text. II.The Development of the Context TheroyFor the concept of

11、 the context, It can trace back to the concepts of langue and parole Saussure distinguished. In his opinion, langue is the linguistic competence of the speaker; and parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. “For langue is not complete in any speaker; it exists perfectly only within a co

12、llectivity. In aeperating langue from parole we are at the same time separating what is social from what is individual; and what is essential from what is accessory and more or less accidential.”（saussure 13-14） The concept of “parole”he had stated, in fact, is a kind of speech act in the context. H

13、owever, Context theory was first proposed by linguist B. Malinowski who believed that language was not only a mirror of reflected thoughts , but also a mirror of action. Malinowski （1923） ever pointed out that context could be classified into “context of situation” and “context of culture”. The form

14、er referred something that had happened when someone was speaking and the latter meant the social culture which the speaker lived in. One was called “magic” situation and the other was a deriving usage of the former. J. R. Firth, one of the founders of London Linguistic School, later accepted and de

15、veloped Malinowskis opinions. Deeply influenced by his association with Malinowski, Firth moved into the exploration of meaning. He gave illustration on context in detail in 1950, and put forward the theory and method in studying utterance in linguistic environment. In his opinion, context could be

16、divided into two groups as well, linguistic context and situational context. To some extent, his classification was much easier for people to understanding because he paid attention to the micro aspect of context.Then Halliday, developed directly from Firths perspective of theory of context. He （197

17、6） pointed out that every language was language in use, in a context of situation, and all of it related to the situation. He advocated to research on the linguistic function from the social point of view. He thought behaviors were largely limited by the context, and the seletion of language form wa

18、s limited by the cultural context. So he divided the context into two partslinguistic context and non-linguistic context. In 1964, he brought forth trialistic theory of register the environment of the language consist of the context, form and tenor.Another important sociolinguist D. H. Hymes also fu

19、rther developed theory of context and place it into a high position. He deeply pointed out in Foundations in Sociolinguistics（1974） that when people communicated with each other, they must have two kinds of abilities, o namely, the ability to utter correct words and to utter appropriate words at cer

20、tain time, place and setting, it was the “communication ability”. In a word, these theories had influence on the studies of theory. But in china, the researches on the context started late. Many scholars have been researching the context to different degrees, and have achieved a lot.The modern lingu

21、ists started to study context from some new perspectives from the 1930s. For example, Chen Wangdao put forward “topic situation”, who believed that the topic situation was the most important thing for rhetoric. Zhang Gong in his works Modern Chinese Rhetoric put forward that context included three p

22、erspectives: social context, natural context and linguistic context. In a word it could be divided into six aspects: the situation relating to speaking, the usage of time and place, the usage of natural scenery, the relation suitable for speaker, hearer and reader, the situation for hearer and reade

23、r, and consideration about linguistic context. In Discourse Cohesion and Coherence, Hu Zhuanglin considered that context meant the inner environment of context in narrow sense. This is explain context from the aspect of linguistic knowledge. However, actual communication is very flexible. In order t

24、o have a better understanding of utterance accurately, it is important and necessary to use linguistic knowledge in the text.According to the four aspects of communication, Wang Xijie classified content into linguistic context, physical context, cultural context and psychological context. Linguistic

25、al context could also be further divided into intro-linguistic context and extra-linguistic context. Physical context mainly included the subject, object, time, setting and topic. Cultural context referred to the cultural background of communication, and it was mainly in cultural world. Based on Wan

26、g Weixians opinion, context was a sign situation and could include all the meanings of context. He made a clear explanation about the sign situation that when people were speaking, writing, operating the traffic light, ringing the air-raid alarm and so on, those situations were called sign situation

27、.Traditional context studies have made much progress in a lot of areas, nevertheless, there still exist some problems, for instance, context has not been paid enough attention to and the function of context in translation have not been systematically discussed. This thesis, under the guidance of var

28、ious kinds of reference books, has made systematical study of the relationship between context and translation and the restrictive function of context on translation. III. The Function of Context There are many functions of context. A Japanese scholar, 西桢光正 claims that context includes eight functio

29、ns. They are absolute function, restrictive function, interpretive function, design function, remedial function, generative function, transforming function and acquisitive function. Context and its functions had attracted peoples attention. In China, Liu Xie mentioned “context” in his work. He thoug

30、ht that人之立言, 因字而生句, 积句而成章, 积章而成篇. 篇之彪炳, 章无疵也; 章之明靡, 句无玷也;句之精英, 字无妄也. It showed that he already explained the function of context with the expression and understanding of the utterance，with the relationship among words, sentences, paragraphs and texts. Based on the classification of the functions of

31、context, this thesis mainly discusses about the restrictive function. Restrictive function can be briefly defined as the influence of context which is based on the linguistic application and study. It is a kind of function that assists in choosing appropriate expressions according to specific context in communication. In the