材料导论总结Word文件下载.docx

材料导论总结Word文件下载.docx

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LifeCycleAnalysis（LCA）:

productstodeterminetheirimpactontheglobalenvironment.

andLifeCycleInventory（LCI）;

whatinthemainpurposeofLCA?

Dealingwiththematerialsandprocessesinvolvedinproductsintermsofcostandenvironmentalimpacts.

1-11Whatisthedifferencebetweendesignforassemblyanddesignfordisassembly?

Designforassembly（装配）emphasizes（着重）easyproductassemblybyrobotsandotherautomatedequipment;

Designfordisassemblyisaconceptthatplacesrecyclingatthebeginningordesignstageofthematerialscycletoensurethatwastegoingintomunicipallandfillswillbeminimized.

1-14Howcanthestageofrecycling/disposalbecomethefirststageinthematerialscycle?

1-18Understandthetermsofmetals,alloysandpowderedmetals.

Metalsareelementsthatcanbedefinedbytheirproperties,suchasductility（延展性）,toughness（韧性）,malleability（可锻性）,electricalandheatconductivity（导热系数）,andthermalexpansion（热膨胀）.

Alloy（合金）consists（由组成）ofmetalelementscombinedwithotherelements.

Powderedmetals:

alloyingofmetalsinvolvesmelting（融化）themainingredients（材料）togethersothatoncooling,themetalalloyisgenerallyanonporous（无孔的）solid.

1-19Listthesubgroups（子组）ofmetallics.

Ferrous,NonferrousandPowderedmetal

1-20Givesomeexamplesforferrousmetalsandnonferrousmetals.

Ferrous（黑色金属）:

Iron,Steel,Castiron

Nonferrous（有色金属）:

Cooper,Aluminum,Tin

Powderedmetals（粉末金属）:

Sintered（烧结的）steel,Sinteredbrass（黄铜）

1-21Describethemainstagesinpreparingpowderedmetals

1-26Listthetwotypesofplasticsregardingprocessingmethod,andgivesomeexamplesforeachtype.

Thermosets（热固）:

epoxy（环氧树脂）,phenolic（酚醛树脂）,andpolyurethane（聚氨酯）.

Thermoplastics:

acrylics（丙烯酸树脂）,nylonandpolyethylene（聚乙烯）.

1-32Listthetypicalpropertiesofceramics（陶瓷）.

Hard,brittle,stiffandhavehighmeltingpoints.

1-33Whattypeofchemicalbondsexistinginceramics?

Ionicbondsandcovalentbonding

1-49Understandthefollowingterms;

（a）catalyst（催化剂）:

asubstancethatentersintoachemicalreactioninsuchawayastomakethereactiongofasterwithoutitselfbeingconsumed.

（b）stoichiometry（化学计量数）:

thebranchofchemistrythatdealswithcalculationofmassimpliedinchemicalequations.

（c）factorofsafety（安全系数）:

definedastheratioofunnormaloperationconditions

（d）allowablestress（许用应力）（ordesign,working,safestress）:

themaximumlevelofstressthatapartwillbepermitted（允许）toendureunderoperationconditions.

Module2:

2-2Whatismatter（物质）?

Anythingthathasmassandoccupiesvolume.

Listthefourstatesinwhichmatterexists.

Liquid,Solid,GasandPlasma（等离子体）

2-7Describetheatomicstructure（原子结构）,andexemplify（示例）thestandardnotation（标准符号）forexpressingthecompositionofnucleus.

Proton,Neutron,Electron,…..

2-9WhatistheValenceElectron（价电子）?

Describeitsinfluencesonthechemicalpropertiesofanelementandontheformation（构造）ofchemicalbonding.

ValenceElectron:

Thoseelectronsthatoccupytheoutermostringorshellfromthenucleus.Valenceisthecapacityofanelementtocombinewithotherelements.

2-10Explainthefollowingterms:

ionization（离子化）,ionizationpotential（电离势能）,electronegativity（电负性）,electronaffinity（电子亲和性）,electronconfiguration（电子排布）.

Ionization:

theprocessofpullingaway（removing）oraddingvalenceelectronsfromabalancedorneutralatom.

Ionizationpotential:

theenergyrequiredtocausethelossofavalenceelectron.

Electronegativity:

thedegreetowhichanatomattractselectrons.

Electronaffinity:

thesameaselectronegativity

Electronconfiguration:

themannerinwhichtheelectronsofanatomdistributethemselvesintheground,orlowestenergy,state

2-11DescribetheelectronstructurewithClassicalTheoryandQuantumMechanicalTheory（量子力学）,listingfourquantum（量子数）numberstocharacterize（描绘）anelectronastoitssize,shapeandspatialorientation（空间环境）.

ClassicalTheory:

thepositionofelectronsinrelationtothenucleusofanatommustbedescribedintermsofaprobabilitydistribution（概率分布）ratherthanbythepreciselydeterminedvalue（精确值）.

QuantumMechanicalTheory:

thebasisforanewbranchofphysics.---theideathatlightisquantized—thatitismadeupofdiscrete（离散）amountsofenergy.

Fourquantumnumbers:

1.shellsorprincipleenergylevels;

2.sublevel,subshell（亚层）ororbital（轨道）;

3.thenumberofenergystatesforeachsubshell;

4.theelectronspin（电子自旋）moment.

2-13Exemplifytherelationshipthatcanbeusedtodeterminethemaximumnumberofelectronsatanyenergylevel.

2*n^2

2-19WhatistheChemicalBonding?

Whatarethegroupsandsubgroupsofthechemicalbounding?

Chemicalbonding:

explainedsimplyastheendproductoftheinteraction（相互作用）oftheelectricalforcesofattractionandrepulsion（排斥）betweenoppositelychargedorsimilarlychargedparticles（带电粒子）ofmatter.

Groups:

Primarybonding（主价键）andsecondarybonding

Subgroups:

Primarybonding:

covalentbonding,ionicbonding,metallicbonding;

SecondaryBonding:

hydrogenboning,vanderwaalsforces

2-20Understandtheterms:

（a）chemicalbonding;

（b）covalentorsharedelectron-pairbonding;

（c）triplecovalent:

oneinwhichtwoatomssharethreeoftheirelectronswitheachother.

（d）ionicbonding;

someelementsactuallyswaportransferelectronstootherelements

（e）metallicbonding;

theseareshieldedfromthestrongattractiveforcesofthepositivenucleusbytheinnerelectronsandthustheybondtothenucleusrelativelyweakly

（f）polarmolecule:

boththepositiveandnegativechargesarelocalizedwithinthemolecule 

（g）nonpolarmolecule;

eachatomsharesthebondingelectronsequally,producinganelectricalchargedistributionthatissymmetricalaboutalinejoiningthetwonuclei

（j）hydrogenbond.Theoxygenatom,havingaslightnegativecharge,attractsapositivehydrogenatombelongingtoanadjacentwatermolecule

2-21Whatkeywordcanbeusedtodescribecovalentbonding,ionicbonding,andmetallicbonding?

Ionicbonding：

electronswapping

Covalentbonding:

electronsharing

Metallicbonding:

electronswarming

2-23Howisthehydrogenbondformed?

Thecovalentbondsbetweenthehydrogenandoxygenatomsinawatermolecule,beingpolar,resultinanasymmetricalchargedistribution.Theoxygenatom,havingaslightnegativecharge,attractsapositivehydrogenatombelongingtoanadjacentwatermoleculeandformsahydrogenbond.

Exemplifythecontributionsofhydrogenbondtothepropertiesandbehaviorofpolymericmaterials.

Thehydrogenbondaffectsthepropertiesandbehaviorofmaterials.Inthermoplastics,thehydrogenbondjoinslong,chainlikemoleculestoeachother.Theserelativelyweakbondscanbeeasilyloosenedorbrokenbyheating,permittingflow（流动）totakeplace.

2-24Listthetwoformsofmicrostructure（微观结构）ofsolid.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthemintermsofatomicarrangement?

Amorphous（无定型的）:

containsnorepetitious（重复的）patternofatomlocationstoany 

extent（范围）.

Crystalline（晶体）:

possesses（控制）anordered,three-dimensional（三维的）,geometricarrangementthatrepeatsitself.

2-26Definetheterms:

unitcells（晶胞）,spacelattices（空间点阵）,andintercepts.

Unitecell:

usedtodescribethebasicbuildingblockorbasicgeometricarrangementofatomsinacrystal.

Spacelattices:

repeattheunitcellinallthreedimensions,youcreateacrystallinestructurewithadefinitepattern.Thislargerpatternofatomsinasinglecrystalisknownasaspacelattices.

Intercepts:

Thesidesofthebox,labeleda,b,c,arethelatticeparameters（晶格参数）inx,y,andzdirections,respectively.Thesedistancesarealsoknownasintercepts.

2-27Whatarethesevencrystalsystems?

Howmanyspacelatticescanatomsform?

1.simplecubicunitcell:

2.body-centeredcubic;

3.face-centeredcubic;

4.body-centeredtetragonal（四边）crystallatticeunitcell;

5.hexagonal（六边）crystalsystem;

6.close-packedhexagonalcrystallatticeunitcell

7.orthorhombic（正交晶）andmonoclinicunitcell

2-28Describetheinterceptsofcubic,tetragonal,andhexagonalcrystalsystems.

Cubic:

a=b=c

Tetragonal:

a=b≠c

Hexagonal:

a=a≠c

2-29Whatarethethreebasiccubiccrystalsystems?

Whataretheirabbreviations（缩写）?

Simplecubic—sc

Body-centeredcubic---bcc

Face-centeredcubic---fcc

2-37【polymorphism（多态性）,allotropy（同素异形）,atomicpackingfactor（原子堆积因数））Understandtheterms:

coordinationnumber（配位数）,polymorphism,allotropy,atomicpackingfactorandvoidfraction（空隙率）.

Coordinationnumber（CN）:

todescribehowmanyatomsaretouchingeachotherinagroupofcoordinatedatoms.

Polymorphism:

thephenomenonthatelementsthatexistinmorethanon