英语文体学教程Word文件下载.docx

英语文体学教程Word文件下载.docx

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2,whatisthesignificanceofstudyingthestyleoflanguageinlearningandteachingEnglish?

Anwser,theansweristhatifwewanttouselanguageappropriatelyindifferentsituations,weneedtostudystyle.asforeignlanguagelearners,ifwedisregardtherulesofusingwhatvarietyoflanguageinwhatoccasion,orfailtoobeythemthroughignorance,languagecanbecomeinsteadabarriertosuccessfulcommunication.Thereforeitsnecessarytohaveaclearawarenessofhowlanguageshouldbeusedindifferenttypesofsituationsespeciallyinunfamiliarsituations.

3,whatfactorscanresultindifferencesinstyle

Answer,1,thedifferenttypesofvocabularycreatedifferentimagesoftheeventsinthereader’smind,sotheycanresultindifferent,peoplelivingindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorywillalsospeakdifferently,andthatwillresultinadifferentstyle.

Chapter2

1,explainthefollowingterms

1）,foregrounding:

thestylisticallysignificantfeatureshavetobeprominentandmotivated,thatis,foregrounded.

2）,incongruity:

thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesgrammar,spelling,pronunciation.

3）deflection:

thelinguisticfeaturesdon’tdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.

4）,field;

itsconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theeventshappenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc

5）tenor:

itsconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.

6）mode:

itsconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstanceorgraphicsubstance.

2,questionfordiscussion

2）inrhetoricalseries,thenumberofitemscaninfluencethestylistictoanalyzethecausesonthebasisofsocialculture.

Answer:

differentnumbersofwordscanproducedifferentstylisticeffectsintheappropriatecontexts.Twoitemsexpressassertion,thatis,itisjustthis,notthat.Inappropriatesituationsthreeitemscanproduceethic,persuasive,andrepresentativeeffect.Fourormoreitemsinaseriesstressalargenumberoftheconcretethings,andthesecanproduceanimageryinthemindofthereaderthatthelargeamountofthingsconstitutesasignificantsituationinwhichcertainaspectarehighlighted.Anotherfunctionoftherhetoricalseriesistouseconcreteitemstohighlightabstractconceptssothattheabstractconceptcanbeexpressedinconcrete,livelyandvividwaytoenhancetheaestheticvalueoflanguage.

3）whatfactorsaffectthewriter’sselectionofwordsandstyle

fivecriteriafortheselectionofwords:

whethertheyarefamiliarornotfamiliar,whethertheyareconcreteorabstract,whethertheyaresingleormore,whethertheyareshortandsimple.Orlong.WhethertheyareAnglo–saxonwordsorlatinwords.field,tenor,modeaffectthewriter’sselectionofstyle.

4）whatisthecriterionusedtoclassifywords

wecanusemoresystematicwaytoclassifywordaccordingtoregisteranddialect.register:

field,tenor,mode.dialect:

regionaldialect,suchasLondondialect;

socialdialectsuchasdialectofage,race,dialectsuchasodEnglish.

5）throughwhatchannelscanwordsbeusedtoachievetransferredmeaning?

simile:

xislikeY,egasbusyasbee.Metaphor:

XisY,egheisapig.

Synecdocheegmanyhandsrepresentthepeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Metonymyegpurserepresentmoney.

Chapter3

1,explainthefollowingterms

1）,chiasmus:

chiasmusisformedbyinvertingthewordorderofthesecondpartofaparallelstructure,soitformsakindofantitheticalstructure.Eg:

letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.

2）antistrophe:

itistherepetitionofthesameitemsbutininvertedorder,eg:

what’spollytome,ormetopolly

3）epizeuxis:

itisacontinuousrepetitionforhighlightingaparticularfeature.

4）ploce:

therepetitionisnotcontinuous,butintermittentordispersedinthetext.

5）loosesentence:

putthemajorideafirstandthantheillustration.suchasentenceiseasytograsp.

6）periodicsentence:

aperiodicsentencecanbeusedtocreatesuspense,orexpectation,thusdrawingthelistener’sattentiontotheendofthecanbeusedtoproducehumorousandemphaticeffect.

2,questionfordiscussion

1）,therearemanytypesofsyntacticdeflection,buttheyhaveonethingincommon:

recurrenceofstructures.Howissyntacticdeflectionclassified?

therearetwotypeofsyntacticdeflection:

theunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrenceofacertaintypeofsentence;

andtheoverregularoccurrenceofaparticularpattern.

2）thehighfrequencyofoccurrenceoflongandshortsentencecancreatestylisticeffect.apartfromthedifferenceinexpressivemeanings,whatareothercharacteristicsofthetwotypesofsentences?

longsentencesaregoodtoprovidethedetaileddescriptions,andaregoodtorevealthementalactivitiesofthespeaker.sotheyareusedtoproduceavivid,rich,exuberant,luxuriousstyle.Shortsentence：

canproducedirect,terse,concise,cleareffectorcontinuous,compact,swifteffect,sothatitcreatescertainatmosphere,andleaveadeepimpressiononthelisteners.

3）whydowritersoftenviolatetheruleofgrammar

Whatdowecalthisviolation?

Answer:

wecallthisviolationsyntacticincongruity.theviolationofthegrammaticalrulescanbeusedtoproducecertainstylisticeffects.Theso-calledungrammaticalsentencesareusedtorepresentthedifferentvarietiesoflanguageaccordingtoregisteranddialect.Inliteraryworks,dialecticalandpersonalfeaturesofspeechareoftenusedtodepictthepersonalityofthecharacters.Inpoetry,thepoetoftenusesdeviantgrammaticalstructurestoachievespecialeffects,makeslinesterseandconcise,tomakeitrichinmeaning.

4）whatisthefunctionofrhetoricalquestions?

Arhetoricalquestionistousetheformofaquestioninordertoexpressastrongemotionortoemphasizeaparticularaspect.Thefunctionofinvertedsentenceistomakeadeclarativesentencemorepowerful,toattractthelistener’sattention,ortoinduceothers’sympathy.Arrangedinparallelism,rhetoricalquestionscanexpressstrongemotionsandincreasethepersuasivepower.Arhetoricalquestioncanalsointroducethetopicofthetext.

5）Inwhatwayscanweuseinvertedsentencestoachieveemphaticeffect?

tochangethenormalwordordercanbeusedtoproducesomeemphaticeffect.Whatisputtotheinitialpartofthesentenceisusuallythefocusofinformationoftheclauseandalsothethemeofheclause.Soitishighlighted.

Chapter4

1explainthefollowingterms

1）Synaesthesia:

itreferstothefactthatsoundssareattributedwithcertainvaluesorestheticfeatures.Itisverycasual,andsupportedbysituationalfeaturesandmeaning.

2）Alliteration:

referstotherepetitionoftheinitialsoundusuallyaconsonant,oravowelatfirstposition,intwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether.

3）Assonance:

referstotheuseofthesameorrelatedvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.Itcancreateharmoniouseffect.

4）Consonance:

referstotherepetitionofthelastconsonantsofthestresseswordsattheendofthelines.

2questionsfordiscussion

1）Whatarethecharacteristicofspokenlanguageandwrittenlanguagerespectively?

2）

3）

spokenlanguage:

1itcandirectlybeaccompaniedbyothernon-linguisticmeansastheaid;

2itisgenerallyspeakingnotasformalaswrittenlanguage;

3itpermitserrorsintheprocessofproduction;

4itusesaparticulargrammar,agrammarcharacteristicsofspokenlanguage.5homophonescanbeusedforspecialstylisticeffects,suchaspun;

6someimplicationsarebestrepresentedbyspecialsoundfeatures;

7soundfeaturecanrepresentthefeatureofregionaldialectorsocialdialect.

Writtenlanguage:

1aswrittenlanguagecommunicationisusuallynotadirectone,butisdelayedintimeandatdifferentplaces,thewritergenerallyhastimetogetwellpreparedandrevisethetextbeforehesendsitouttothereader;

2asspaceislimited,ithasspecialgrammaticalfeaturessoastoputmoremeaninginit.therearemanynominalizationstomakesentencesintogroups;

3writtenlanguageisoftenusedinamoreformalsituation;

4astimeisenough,itisusuallywritteninamoredetailedandlogicalway;

5aswrittenlanguageismorepurposeful,andforasinglespecificgoal,itisusuallymoreconstantanddevelopedaroundasinglesubject.

4）HowmanysoundpatternsdowehaveWhatspecialstylisticeffectscanbeachievedbythem