Consolidation of Cyberjournalism Progress and Regressions of 20 Years of History.docx
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ConsolidationofCyberjournalismProgressandRegressionsof20YearsofHistory
ConsolidationofCyberjournalismProgressandRegressionsof20YearsofHistory
[a]CommunicationSchool,AutonomousUniversityofSanLuisPotosí,SanLuisPotosí,México.
*Correspondingauthor.
Received15August2014;accepted8November2014
Publishedonline26December2014
Abstract
Thisarticleisabouttheevolutionofonlinemediainthepast20yearsontheInternetconsideringthefollowingbasicfeatures:
hypertext,globalization,instantaneity,multimediaconvergence,globalization,updating,digitalnewspaperandmagazinelibraries,personalization,interactivity.TheresultwefoundisastrongdisparitybetweentheonlinemediaindevelopedcountriescomparedtotheonlinemediainLatinAmericancountries.Althoughallelementshavegrown,unfortunatelytherehasbeenaverylimiteddevelopmentintheelementofinteractivity.ThisfeatureispartoftheimpactandimportanceoftheInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(TIC’S).Aquantitativemethodologybasedoncontentanalysisandmorphologicalanalysisdevelopedin2000and2014wasapplied.
Keywords:
Cyberjournalism;Evolution;Disparity;Interactivity;Internet
Zamora,L.N.(2014).ConsolidationofCyberjournalism:
ProgressandRegressionsof20YearsofHistory.Cross-CulturalCommunication,10(6),-0.Availablefrom:
http//
DOI:
http:
//dx.doi.org/10.3968/5615
INTRODUCTION
Aparadigmisageneralmodelofthinking.Aguidethatsetstherulesoflife,trade,socialbehavior,culturalprocesses,formsofgovernment,thegoalsandthemyths,mentaladjustments.Itoccursathome,atschool,entertainmentcenters,sentimentalencounters,inmentalaberrations,atthecinema,theart,themusic,andinpracticallyallhumanactivity.TIC’sisareineverythingandeveryone.
Theparadigmweliveintodayisnamedasinformationtechnology,cyberspace,theinformationsociety,theageofconvergence,thesuperhighway,thefreeways,highwaysofinformation,inforoutesorinformatiquefortheFrench-speaking,whosekeyfeatureistheglobalnetworking(transmissionchain).
Technologyinformsthewholesystemandmodifiestherelationalstructure,creatingtheconditionsforanewinclusiveandrationalizingorderoftheprocesses,changestherolesandthehierarchyofsocialactors.Theemergingideologicalvalueaccompanyingtechnologyascentralelementappears,usuallyintheembersofthedimmerdialecticdiscussion.(Nosty,1998,p.55) Unescocategorizesasawidespreadacceptancetechnologywhenitreachesthe50millionusers.Ittooktheradiofor38yearstoreachthislevel,16yearsforcomputerand13fortelevision.WiththeInternetandtheweb,thephenomenondevelopedinadifferentway,inonlyfouryearstheyreachedwidespreadacceptance.Thisshowsthespeedwithwhichtechnologyhasevolvedandtheimpactithasonallareasofthelifeofthehumanbeing.
SpanishManuelCastellsspeaksoffivecharacteristicsoftheparadigmoftheInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(1998):
a)Informationisitsrawmaterial.
b)Thepenetrationcapacityoftheeffectsofnewtechnologies.Allprocessesofourindividualandcollectiveexistencearedirectlymoldedbythenewtechnologicalmedia.
c)Thelogicofinterconnectionofallthesystemorsetofrelationshipswhichusenewtechnologiesintheinformation.
d)Itisbasedonflexibility.Notonlyprocessesarereversible,buttheycanmodifyorganizationsandinstitutionsandevenbecomealteredfundamentallybytherearrangementoftheircomponents.
e)Thegrowingconvergenceofspecifictechnologiesinahighlyintegratedsystem,inwhichtheoldseparationtechnologytrajectoriesbecomevirtuallyindistinguishable.
1.PROBLEMATIZATIONANDOBJECTIVE
Newspapersaretheoldestmassmedia.TheymetaprosperingperiodwhichhadanendwiththeSecondWorldWar.Sincethen,itsdeclinehasbeenfrequentlyannounced,presshasfacedatriplecrisis;ononehand,theonewhichresultsfromtechnologicalchanges,second,theconsequenceofeconomiccrisisaffectingsomeregionsoftheworld,andthree,theGenerationNetworkgrowth.
AsaconsequenceoftheparadigmofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,onlinemediahaveemerged.Withthedifferenttypesofelectronicjournalismsuchaasaudiotepe,newspaperbyfax,teletext,videotex,onphysicalsupportsuchasCD-ROM,thefoundationsfortheeditionandpresentationofthenewspapersinthetelematicnetworkswereestablished,mainlyinInternetorthemostcurrentcybermedium,withitsowncharacteristicsthatarefarfromthoseinthetraditionalprintednewspaperoranalogmediaofradioandtelevision.
Cyberjournalisminessenceisthemediationprocessbetweenthecyberjournalist(aswellasthecompany)andthecybercitizenwhoareinterestedinhumanmatters,collectiveissuesandtrascendence.Thecyberjournalismischaracterizedbybasicelements:
compliancewiththerighttotheinformationandguidanceofthecitizens;theinteractivity;themultimediaconvergence;thehypertextuality,thecontinuosupdating,amongothers.Therighttoinformationofthecitizensasafundamentalcharacteristicofdemocraticsocietiestomakedecisionsbothattheindividuallevelandinthecollective,usingtheelementsofprecisionwhichareacharacteristicofthejournalisticexercise.Whatwecallcybermedia,whicharetheobjectofthepresentstudy,havefeaturesthatnootheranalogmediahadinthepast.Wewillanalyzethesefeaturesabouttheirdevelopment.Thecybermediaarenotaversionoftheprintednewspaper,theybecomesa“real”communicationspacewhosecharacteristicshavebeenconsolidatinginsomeofthem. Themassmediahavegrowninthepast20years,timeinwhichtheyhavebeenrebuildingfromthepossibilitiesoftheimpactofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies.Theyhavebeenconsolidatingascompaniesandastransmittersofmessagesfromelementsthathavetranscendedinthenewera:
suchasglobalizationandinteractivity.
ThefirstcompanytocreateafulldigitaleditionwastheSanJoseMercuryNewsin1994astheMercuryCenter(Navarro,2002).Initsfirstyearoflifeithadacostbyinquiryof$9.95USDforatimeoffivehoursand$3.50USDforeachadditionalhour.In1998itreceivedapaymentof$5USDpermonth,andeventuallyitwasfree.
IntheUnitedStatesintheyearof1994otherspacesweredevelopedsuchastheChicagoTribuneandtheAtlantaJournalandConstitution,theonlineversionofTheNewYorkTimesalsoappearedinprovisionalform.TheWallStreetJournalwaspresentedatthenetworkuntilDecember1994.Thatsameyear,TheIrishTimeswentonline.
ThenewspapersTheNewYorkTimes,TheWashingtonPost,LosAngelesTimes,Newsday,USAToday,TheKansasCityStar,TheChronicle,TheExaminerwerepresentedonlinein1996,throughInternetorthroughcompaniessuchasAmericaOnLine,Compuserve,Prodigy,InterchangeorDelphi.ItwasestimatedthatinonlytwoyearstheonlinenewspapersmultipliedbytenintheUnitedStates.
Inaugustof1996,morethan1,500newspapersandmagazinesavailableonlineintheworldwerecounted;ofwhich1,400wereusingtheworldwideweb.Ofthese,765titleswereAmerican(nearly400newspapers),and123Canadiantitlesmustbeadded.Europehadatthattimeabout300onlinemedia.InAfrica,AsiaandtheArabStates,alesseramountwerecounted(Unesco,1999).InAugust2001therewere8,783intheworld.
Nowwedon?
thaveanexactnumberofhowmanymassmediathereareonthenetwork,howeveraftertwodecadesofthefirstcybermedium,allanalogmedia(radio,pressortelevision)havehiscounterpartindigitalnetworks.Themajorityhavenotdevelopedeachofthedefiningfeaturesoftheonlinemedia,incontrast,onlyaminorityhastheessentialtypologyofdigitalmedia.
In2014weareconsolidatingcyberjournalismfromaminimalamountofdigitalspaces.Thecontentsarepreparedexpresslytobeonlyavailableonthewebandattheuniversitiesarealreadyeducatingcyberjournalistsasasubspecialtyofjournalism(communication-journalism-cyberjournalism). Thecommunicationthattheuserwantsisoverwhelmingpreciselytocybermediaandcyberjournalists,theyonlyhaveinformationandnorealcommunication.Thecybermediadisplaysthemessagebutisnotinterestedintheuserfeedback.Someofthesecybermediarequestpaymentforserviceorregistration,howevertheconstantistoofferopenconsultation.
Withinthecybermediawecanmaketwoclassifications,thecybermediathathavebeencreatedtobepublishedelectronically,whicharetheminority;theeditionsofcybermediathathaveanalogpaper,radioortelevision.Aswestatedbefore,in2014,itisimpossibletoaccuratelydeterminethenumberofcybermedia,newtitlesappeareveryday,somedieandotherchange,thephenomenonwillnotstop.InthismomentthereisnotanexactfigureofthenumberofcybermediaontheInternet.ThisofcoursedoesnotmeanthatcybermediahaveallfeaturesofthenewICT,sincetheymightjusthaveafrontpagemakingitverysimilartotheanalogmedia.
In1994,themediastartedwithaveryreducedcontentscheme.Thefirstexampleswefoundweresitesthathadpublishedafeweditorialunitsinthenetwork.Theonlyservicestheyhadwerethesameastheprintmedia.Theresourcesthatallowednewrhetoricwerelittleexploited.Itisnotenoughtojustappear,itisnecessarytobuildupthecyberjournalsmelementsofcybermedia.UnfortunatelyonlyalimitednumberofcyberjournalismspacesareconstructedaccordingtotheInformationandCommuni