Consolidation of Cyberjournalism Progress and Regressions of 20 Years of History.docx

1、Consolidation of Cyberjournalism Progress and Regressions of 20 Years of HistoryConsolidation of Cyberjournalism Progress and Regressions of 20 Years of History aCommunication School， Autonomous University of San Luis Potos， San Luis Potos， Mxico. *Corresponding author. Received 15 August 2014； acce

2、pted 8 November 2014 Published online 26 December 2014 Abstract This article is about the evolution of online media in the past 20 years on the Internet considering the following basic features： hypertext， globalization， instantaneity， multimedia convergence， globalization， updating， digital newspap

3、er and magazine libraries， personalization， interactivity. The result we found is a strong disparity between the online media in developed countries compared to the online media in Latin American countries. Although all elements have grown， unfortunately there has been a very limited development in

4、the element of interactivity. This feature is part of the impact and importance of the Information and Communication Technologies （TICS）. A quantitative methodology based on content analysis and morphological analysis developed in 2000 and 2014 was applied. Key words： Cyberjournalism； Evolution； Dis

5、parity； Interactivity； Internet Zamora， L. N. （2014）. Consolidation of Cyberjournalism： Progress and Regressions of 20 Years of History. Cross-Cultural Communication， 10（6）， -0. Available from： http/ DOI： http：/dx.doi.org/10.3968/5615 INTRODUCTION A paradigm is a general model of thinking. A guide t

6、hat sets the rules of life， trade， social behavior， cultural processes， forms of government， the goals and the myths， mental adjustments. It occurs at home， at school， entertainment centers， sentimental encounters， in mental aberrations， at the cinema， the art， the music， and in practically all huma

7、n activity. TICs is are in everything and everyone. The paradigm we live in today is named as information technology， cyberspace， the information society， the age of convergence， the superhighway， the freeways， highways of information， inforoutes or informatique for the French-speaking， whose key fe

8、ature is the global networking （transmission chain）. Technology informs the whole system and modifies the relational structure， creating the conditions for a new inclusive and rationalizing order of the processes， changes the roles and the hierarchy of social actors. The emerging ideological value a

9、ccompanying technology as central element appears， usually in the embers of the dimmer dialectic discussion. （Nosty， 1998， p.55） Unesco categorizes as a widespread acceptance technology when it reaches the 50 million users. It took the radio for 38 years to reach this level， 16 years for computer an

10、d 13 for television. With the Internet and the web， the phenomenon developed in a different way， in only four years they reached widespread acceptance. This shows the speed with which technology has evolved and the impact it has on all areas of the life of the human being. Spanish Manuel Castells sp

11、eaks of five characteristics of the paradigm of the Information and Communication Technologies （1998）： a） Information is its raw material. b） The penetration capacity of the effects of new technologies. All processes of our individual and collective existence are directly molded by the new technolog

12、ical media. c） The logic of interconnection of all the system or set of relationships which use new technologies in the information. d） It is based on flexibility. Not only processes are reversible， but they can modify organizations and institutions and even become altered fundamentally by the rearr

13、angement of their components. e） The growing convergence of specific technologies in a highly integrated system， in which the old separation technology trajectories become virtually indistinguishable. 1. PROBLEMATIZATION AND OBJECTIVE Newspapers are the oldest mass media. They met a prospering perio

14、d which had an end with the Second World War. Since then， its decline has been frequently announced， press has faced a triple crisis； on one hand， the one which results from technological changes， second， the consequence of economic crisis affecting some regions of the world， and three， the Generati

15、on Network growth. As a consequence of the paradigm of Information and Communication Technology， online media have emerged. With the different types of electronic journalism such a as audiotepe， newspaper by fax， teletext， videotex， on physical support such as CD-ROM， the foundations for the edition

16、 and presentation of the newspapers in the telematic networks were established， mainly in Internet or the most current cybermedium， with its own characteristics that are far from those in the traditional printed newspaper or analog media of radio and television. Cyberjournalism in essence is the med

17、iation process between the cyberjournalist （as well as the company） and the cybercitizen who are interested in human matters， collective issues and trascendence. The cyberjournalism is characterized by basic elements： compliance with the right to the information and guidance of the citizens； the int

18、eractivity； the multimedia convergence； the hypertextuality， the continuos updating， among others. The right to information of the citizens as a fundamental characteristic of democratic societies to make decisions both at the individual level and in the collective， using the elements of precision wh

19、ich are a characteristic of the journalistic exercise. What we call cybermedia， which are the object of the present study， have features that no other analog media had in the past. We will analyze these features about their development. The cybermedia are not a version of the printed newspaper， they

20、 becomes a “real” communication space whose characteristics have been consolidating in some of them. The mass media have grown in the past 20 years， time in which they have been rebuilding from the possibilities of the impact of Information and Communication Technologies. They have been consolidatin

21、g as companies and as transmitters of messages from elements that have transcended in the new era： such as globalization and interactivity. The first company to create a full digital edition was the San Jose Mercury News in 1994 as the Mercury Center （Navarro， 2002）. In its first year of life it had

22、 a cost by inquiry of $9.95 USD for a time of five hours and $3.50USD for each additional hour. In 1998 it received a payment of $5USD per month， and eventually it was free. In the United States in the year of 1994 other spaces were developed such as the Chicago Tribune and the Atlanta Journal and C

23、onstitution， the online version of The New York Times also appeared in provisional form. The Wall Street Journal was presented at the network until December 1994. That same year， The Irish Times went online. The newspapers The New York Times， The Washington Post， Los Angeles Times， Newsday， USA Toda

24、y， The Kansas City Star， The Chronicle， The Examiner were presented online in 1996， through Internet or through companies such as America On Line， Compuserve， Prodigy， Interchange or Delphi. It was estimated that in only two years the online newspapers multiplied by ten in the United States. In augu

25、st of 1996， more than 1，500 newspapers and magazines available online in the world were counted； of which 1，400 were using the worldwide web. Of these， 765 titles were American （nearly 400 newspapers）， and 123 Canadian titles must be added. Europe had at that time about 300 online media. In Africa，

26、Asia and the Arab States， a lesser amount were counted （Unesco， 1999）. In August 2001 there were 8，783 in the world. Now we don?t have an exact number of how many mass media there are on the network， however after two decades of the first cybermedium， all analog media （radio， press or television） ha

27、ve his counterpart in digital networks. The majority have not developed each of the defining features of the online media， in contrast， only a minority has the essential typology of digital media. In 2014 we are consolidating cyberjournalism from a minimal amount of digital spaces. The contents are

28、prepared expressly to be only available on the web and at the universities are already educating cyber journalists as a subspecialty of journalism （communication-journalism-cyber journalism）. The communication that the user wants is overwhelming precisely to cybermedia and cyberjournalists， they onl

29、y have information and no real communication. The cybermedia displays the message but is not interested in the user feedback. Some of these cybermedia request payment for service or registration， however the constant is to offer open consultation. Within the cybermedia we can make two classification

30、s， the cybermedia that have been created to be published electronically， which are the minority； the editions of cybermedia that have analog paper， radio or television. As we stated before， in 2014， it is impossible to accurately determine the number of cybermedia， new titles appear every day， some

31、die and other change， the phenomenon will not stop. In this moment there is not an exact figure of the number of cybermedia on the Internet. This of course does not mean that cybermedia have all features of the new ICT， since they might just have a front page making it very similar to the analog med

32、ia. In 1994， the media started with a very reduced content scheme. The first examples we found were sites that had published a few editorial units in the network. The only services they had were the same as the print media. The resources that allowed new rhetoric were little exploited. It is not enough to just appear， it is necessary to build up the cyber journalsm elements of cybermedia. Unfortunately only a limited number of cyber journalism spaces are constructed according to the Information and Communi