土木工程专业英语结课论文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Ⅰ、观察验槽
观察验槽除检查基坑(槽)的位置、断面尺寸、标高和边坡等是否符合设计要求,重点应对整个基坑(槽)底的土质进行全面观察。
土质和颜色是否一样;
土的坚硬程度是否均匀一致,有无局部过软或过硬;
土的含水量是否异常,有无过干或过湿;
在坑(槽)底行走或夯拍时有无震颤或空穴声音等现象。
通过以上观察来分析判断坑(槽)底是否挖至老土层(地基持力层),是否需继续下挖或进行处理。
验槽的重点应以柱基、墙角、承重墙下或其他受力较大的部位为主。
、钎探验槽
钎探是用锤将钢钎打入坑(槽)底以下土层内的一定深度,根据锤击次数和入土难易程度来判断土的软硬情况及有无土洞、枯井、幕穴和软弱下卧土层等。
钎探步骤如下:
根据坑(槽)平面图进行钎探布点,并将钎探点依次编号绘制钎探点平面布置图;
准备锤和钢钎,同一工程应钎径一致,锤重一致;
按钎探顺序号进行钎探施工;
打钎时,要求用力一致,锤的落距一致。
每贯入30CM(称为一步),记录一次锤击数,填入钎探记录表内;
钎探结束后,要从上而下逐“步”分析钎探记录情况,再横向分析钎孔相互之间锤击次数,便可判断土层的构造和土质的软硬,并应将锤击次数过多或过少的钎孔予以标注,已备到现场重点检查和处理;
钎探后的孔要用砂填实。
3、地基加固
、地基加固原理
地基加固原理是:
“将土质由松变实”,“将土的含水量由高变低”,即可达到地基加固的目的。
工程实践中各种加固方法,诸如机械辗压法、重锤夯实法、挤密桩法、化学加固法、预压固结法、深层搅拌法等均是从这一加固原理出发。
、地基加固的方法
挖:
就是挖去软土层,把基础埋置在承载力大的基岩或坚硬的土层中。
此方法当软土层不厚时,利用坚硬的土层天然地基,很经济。
填:
当软土层很厚,而又需大面积对地基进行加固处理时,则可在软土层上直接回填一层一定厚度的好土,以提高低级的承载力,减小软土层的承压力。
换:
换就是将挖与填相结合,即换土垫层法。
夯:
就是利用打夯工具或机具(如木人、石硪、铁硪、蛙式打夯机、火力夯、电力夯、重锤夯、强力夯等)夯击土壤,排除土壤中的水分,加速土壤的固结,以提高土壤的密实度和承载力。
压:
就是利用压路机、羊足机、轮胎碾等机械碾压地基土壤,使地基压实排水固结。
其中有砂井堆载预压法、袋装砂井堆载预压法、塑料排水带堆载预压法、真空预压法。
挤:
先用带桩靴的工具式桩管打入土中,挤压土壤形成桩孔,然后拔出桩管,再在桩孔中灌注入砂石、素土、灰土等填充料进行捣实,或者随着填充料的灌入逐渐拔出桩管,这种方法最适用于加固松软饱和土地基。
拌:
是指用旋喷法或深层搅拌法加固地基。
其原理是利用高压射流切削土壤,旋喷浆液(水泥浆、水玻璃、丙凝等),搅拌浆土,使浆液和土壤混合,凝结成坚硬的柱体或土壁。
4、结论
基坑验槽的方法总体上分为两种,一种是观察验槽,这种方法只是大概的进行基坑(槽)的检验,但容易进行不需要工具。
第二种方法是钎探验槽,这种方法较上一种准确,但较为复杂,需要用工具才能进行。
我们经常将这两种方法结合起来用,在第一种方法没有把握的情况下再进行第二种方法。
地基加固处理简单的总结起来就是七个字:
挖、填、换、夯、压、挤、拌。
准确的做好这几项工作才能确保工程的准确进行,以避免不必要的损失。
【参考文献】普通高等学校土木工程专业新编系列教材,土木工程施工(第三版),武汉理工大学出版社。
译文:
Foundationtreatmentengineeringandtechnicalanalysis
LiuYueping
HebeiUniversityofEngineeringSchoolofCivilEngineering
[Abstract]isaboutfoundationpit(groove)examiningtroughandfoundationreinforcementtreatmentmethod,keypointisobservedinexaminingtroughanddrilldetectingtroughinspectionprincipleandmethod.Analyzestheprincipleoffoundationreinforcementandstrengtheningmethod.
[Keywords]observationcheckslot,drillingtroughinspection.
1,introduction:
towardabuildingbodyfoundationisveryimportant,however,doagoodjobinthebasicpittroughinspectionbeforewedo,onlyaccuratedatabeforewecangettroughinspectionofexistinglandproductionbasedscheme,thenknowneedfoundationreinforcement,suchastheneedtobeeffectivefastripereinforcementsoastoensurethefollow-upworksmoothly,shortentimelimitforaprojectisnotnecessary,inordertosavecosts.
2,foundationtrenchinspection
Ifthefoundationreinforcementtreatmentformustbenaturalfoundation,whenthepit(groove)digtobasedesignelevation,theconstructionunitmustinreconnaissance,design,inspectmanageunitandownerjointlycheckslot,eligibleandrearforfoundationengineeringconstruction.
I,observationcheckslot
Observationoftroughinspectioninspectionpit(groove)inadditiontotheposition,sectionsize,elevationandslopeandsoonwiththedesignrequirements,thekeyshouldthepit(groove)bottomsoilcomprehensiveobservation.
soilandthecoloristhesame;
soilhardnessisuniform,thereisnolocalsoftorstrong;
soilmoisturecontentisabnormalornot,thereisnotoodryorwet;
pit(groove)inbottomwalkingortampingshootingwithouttremororholesoundphenomenon.
Throughtheaboveobservationtoanalyzeandjudgethepit(groove)bottomdigtooldsoil(bearinglayerofFoundation),whethertocontinuetodigorprocessing.Troughinspectionshouldfocusontoaloadbearingwalls,wall,orotherlargerforcepartsofthemainly.
II,brazingtroughinspection
Brazingisahammerintothepit(groove)steelunderthesoilincertaindepth,accordingtothenumberofhammeringandhasdifficultytojudgethesoilsoftandhasnohole,hole,curtaincaveandsoftbottomlayer.
Brazingprocedureisasfollows:
accordingtothepit(groove)plansforthedrillingsites,anddrilldetectingpointsaresequentiallynumbereddrawingdrilldetectingpointlayout;
preparationofhammeranddrillrod,adrilldiameterengineeringshouldbeconsistent,theheavyhammerisconsistent;
pressdrillingsequencenumberfordrillingconstruction;
drilling,requirementstoconsistent,hammerdropdistanceconsistent.Eachpenetration30CM(calledstep),recordingahammeringnumber,fillinthedrillroddetectionrecord;
Aftertheendofthedrillroddetection,tofromgoupby"
step"
analysisofbrazingrecords,andhorizontalanalysisofdrillholebetweenthenumberofhammering,candeterminesoilstructureandsoilhardness,andshouldbethenumberofhammeringtoomuchortoolittleofthedrillholetobemarked,haspreparedtospotkeyexaminationandtreatment;
drillingholestobefilledwithsandafter.
3,foundationreinforcement
I,foundationreinforcementprinciple
Foundationreinforcementprincipleis:
"
thesoilbythepinerealchange"
"
soilmoisturechangesfromhightolow"
canachievethepurposeoffoundationreinforcement.Engineeringpracticeofstrengtheningmethods,suchasmechanicalpressingmethod,tampingmethod,compactionpilemethod,chemicalgrouting,preloadingconsolidationmethod,deepmixingmethodarefromthereinforcementprinciple.
II,foundationreinforcementmethod
Dug:
diggingtosoftsoil,thefoundationembeddedinlargebearingcapacityofrockandhardsoillayer.Thismethodwhenthesoftsoillayeristhick,thehardsoillayernaturalfoundation,economy.
Fill:
whenthesoftsoilisverythick,andlargeareaonfoundationreinforcementtreatment,maybeinthesoftsoillayerofcertainthicknessdirectlyBackfillingongoodsoil,inordertoimprovethelowbearingcapacityofsoftsoil,reducethebearingpressure.
Change:
changeistodigandfillthecombination,namelysoilreplacementcushionmethod.
Ram:
istheuseoframmingtoolsorequipment(suchaswoodenstatues,stoneme,ironI,frogrammer,fire,electricity,hammertampingrammer,strongcompactioncompactionsoil),exclusionofmoistureinthesoil,acceleratingsoilconsolidation,toimprovesoilcompactnessandbearingcapacity.
Pressure:
istheuseofroadroller,sheepfootmachine,tirerollermachinerolledfoundationsoil,thefoundationcompactionconsolidation.Thesanddrainpreloadingmethod,baggedsanddrainpreloadingmethodwithplasticdrainagebelt,preloading,vacuumpreloadingmethod.
Squeeze:
firstwithapileshoetooltypepilepipeintothesoil,extrudingsoilformingpilehole,andthenpulloutthepilepipe,andtheninthepileholeoffillinggravel,soil,limesoilorotherfillerforramming,orasfillingmaterialfilledintograduallypullingthepilepipe,themethodmostsuitableforreinforcementsoftsaturatedsoil.
Mixing:
referstotheuseofrotaryjetgroutingmethodorthedeepmixingmethodinfoundationreinforcement.Theprincipleistheuseofhighpressurewaterjetcuttingsoil,jetgrout(waterslurry,waterglass,acryliccoagulation),mixingcementsoil,theslurryandsoilmixture,condensedintoasolidcylinderoraclaywall.
4,conclusion
Foundationtrenchinspectionmethodsaregenerallydividedintotwokinds,onekindisobservedinexaminingtrough,thismethodisonlyapproximateforpit(groove)inspection,buteasilywithouttools.Thesecondkindofmethodisbrazingtroughinspection,thismethodisanaccurate,butisrelativelycomplex,needtousetoolsto.Weoftencombinesthesetwomethods,thefirstmethoddoesnotgraspthesituationofsecondkindsofmethods.Foundationreinforcementtreatmentofsimpleissummedupinsevenwords:
digging,filling,compaction,pressure,change,squeeze,mix.Accuratetodothisworktoensuretheprojectaccurately,soastoavoidunnecessarylosses.
[reference]Collegeofcivilengineeringmajornewtextbookseries,constructionofCivilEngineering(ThirdEdition),WuhanUniversityofTechnologypress.