高级英语修辞Figuresofspeech之欧阳育创编Word格式.docx

高级英语修辞Figuresofspeech之欧阳育创编Word格式.docx

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.Thetwothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.

a）Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcounty.（Proverb）

b）Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephant'

sskin.（NancyHale）

c）Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustleofdeadleaves.（JosephConrad）

2）Metaphor:

Thesubstitutionofonethingforanother,ortheidentificationoftwothingsfromdifferentrangesofthought.Itisoftenlooselydefinedas“animpliedcomparison”,“asimilewithout‘like’or‘as’”.Metaphorisconsideredbymanythemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigureandalsothecommonestandthemostbeautiful.

a）Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.

b）Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.

c）Snowclothestheground.

d）Heswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplause.

句法、结构上看隐语：

名词性、动词性、形容词性、副词性、介词性

e.g.1.名词性Iamanalbumofsnapshots,random,awholeshowoftrailers剧照ofoldfilms.（表语）

2.动词性shedidnotsomuchcookasassassinatefood.

Itescapes/strikes/upsetsme.（物质过程代心理过程）

Idon’tthinkI’mdistortinghisargument.

YetIwaswoundup.Itick.Iexist.

3.形容词性theairwasthickwithabrasschorus低声合唱.

（theairisaliquid.）空气在低音合唱中显得十分凝重。

Iexpectatreaty,afull-fledgedtreatyonmedium-rangemissiles.完整的协议

（Thetreatyisfull-fledged.Thetreatyisabirdorananimal.）

4.副词性Heclamberedafter跟随hersheepishly.温顺

Heclamberedafterherlikeasheep.像绵羊（喻底不定）

5.介词性Arightextremistgroupissuspectedofbeingbehindthekilling.幕后操纵屠杀（空间意义映射到抽象“操纵”）

SanderswasarrestedwithinhoursofreturningtoBritain.（“behindhours”空间意义映射到时间先后顺序上”

语义结构上看隐喻：

tenorandvehicle, 

thecomponentsofametaphor,withthetenorreferringtotheconcept,object,orpersonmeant,andthevehiclebeingtheimagethatcarriestheweightofthecomparison.ThewordswerefirstusedinthissensebythecriticI.A.Richards.InthefirststanzaofAbrahamCowley’spoem“TheWish,”thetenoristhecityandthevehicleisabeehive蜂窝:

Wellthen;

Inowdoplainlysee,

ThisbusyworldandIshallne’eragree;

Theveryhoneyofallearthlyjoy

Doesofallmeatsthesoonestcloy;

Andthey,methinks,deservemypity

Whoforitcanendurethestings,

Thecrowd,andbuzz,andmurmurings

Ofthisgreathive,thecity.

1.tenor,vehicle,ground

看过《西游记》的人都知道“唐僧肉”之可贵，妖魔鬼怪都捉而啖之，好处是延年益寿，妖可成仙。

现在居民说的“唐僧肉”是指城市的绿化草地，它是城市之肺，有利于供应阳光，空气和水，可以让人延年益寿的。

2.Tenor,vehicle,

Thebuildingwasabarn.

3.Vehicle

Heputhisbackagainstthesuitcase.

（Therockisasuitcase.）

4.Tenor

Hesonhadbeendamagedinacrash.

（Humanobjectisanobject.）

Thefaintwhisperofrain

Athintrickleofsmoke

他给高松年300瓦特的眼光射得很不安。

（《隐喻学研究》束定芳）

Anoteofwarning:

Avoidmixingfiguresofspeech.

a）Thisisnotthetimetothrowupthesponge,whentheenemy,alreadyweakenedanddivided,areontheruntoanewdefensiveposition.（mixedmetaphor;

amixtureofprize–ringandbattlefield）

b）ThereiseveryindicationthatNigeriawillbeatowerofstrengthandwillforgeahead.（mixedmetaphor;

amixtureofafortressandaship）

3）Personification:

afigurethatendowsobjects,animals,ideas,orabstractionswithhumanform,character,orsensibility.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:

a）Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.

theblushingrose;

thethirstyground

b）Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.

thekettlesings;

thewavesdanced

c）Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.

thesmilesofspring;

thewhisperofleaves

4）Metonymy:

换喻thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.

a）Thepenismightierthanthesword.（Hereyouhavetheinstrument（penorsword）asanameforthepeoplewieldingit.）

b）Grayhairsshouldberespected.（thesymbol（grayhair）asanameforthepersons（oldpeople）symbolized）

c）Heistoofondofthebottle.（=Heistoofondofdrinking;

thecontainer（winebottle）asanameforthething（wine）contained）

d）IhaveneverreadLiBai.（thepoet（LiBai）asanameforthethingmade（poemswrittenbyLiBai））

5）Synecdoche:

提喻commonly,thenamingofaparttomeanthewhole,asin"

hands"

for"

menwhodomanuallabour"

"

afleetof50sails"

afleetof50ships"

.Butvariousothersuchsubstitutionsarealsoincludedintheterm.

a）Haveyouanycoppers?

（=Haveyouanymoney?

）（coppersstandforcoinsoflowvaluemadeofcopperorbronze;

hereitisthenamingofthematerial（copper）forthethingmade（coin））

b）Heisapoorcreature.（thenamingofthegenusforthespecies）

c）HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.（thenamingofanindividualforaclass）

Note:

Synecdochecaneasilybemistakenformetonymy.

6）Antonomasia:

换称thetermforsomecommonfigurativeusesofnames

a）theuseofanepithetortitleinplaceofaname

hismajestyforakingorthenameoftheking

hishonorforajudgeorthenameofthejudge

theBossforthenameoftheemployer

b）theuseofapropernameinsteadofacommonnoun

aJudas（JudaswasoneofthetwelvedisciplesofJesusChristwhobetrayedJesus）foratraitor

aQuisling卖国贼（NorwegianfascistpoliticianwholedapuppetregimeduringtheGermanoccupationofNorway,laterexecutedfortreason）foratraitor

HeisourGorky.Gorky,（famousRussianwriter）forafamouswriter

cf.synecdoche.Thereisacertaindegreeofoverlappinghere.

7）Euphemism:

thesubstitutionofaninoffensiveexpressionforonethatmaybedisagreeable,asintheuseof"

passawayorpasson"

die"

misinform"

lie"

in"

thegentlemanismisinformed"

remains"

fora"

corpse"

visitingthenecessary"

goingtothetoilet"

etc.

2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement

1）Hyperbole:

aconsciousexaggerationforthesakeofemphasis,notintendedtobeunderstoodliterally.

a）Thewaveranmountainhigh.

b）AmericalaughedwithMarkTwain.

c）Hisspeechbroughtthehousedown.

d）AlltheperfumesofArabiawillnotsweetenthislittlehand.

2）Litotes:

反语aformofunderstatementwhichgainsitsparticulareffectbyphrasinginthenegativewhatitwishestosaypositively.

a）Thisisnosmallaccomplishment.（Itmeansthisisanaccomplishmentofconsiderablemagnitude.）

b）TheGermanfleetwasnotanunworthyopponent.（ItmeanstheGermanfleetwasaformidableopponent.）

c）Thisisnotatallunpleasant.（Itmeansitisquitepleasant.）

3）Antithesis:

thesettingofcontrastingphrasesoppositeeachotherforemphasis.Intrueantithesistheoppositionbetweentheelementsismanifestedthroughparallelgrammaticalstructure.

a）ThequestforrighteousnessisOriental,thequestforknowledge,Occidental.（SirWilliamOsler）

b）Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.（MarkTwain）

c）Afriendexaggeratesaman'

svirtues,anenemyhiscrimes.

d）Theconventionboughttime;

itcouldnotbringsettlement.

e）itsfailuresbecameapartofhistorybutitssuccessesheldthecluetoabetterinternationalorder.

4）Paradox:

自相矛盾astatementthatappearstobelogicallycontradictoryandyetmaybetrue,thepurposeofwhichistoprovokefreshthought.

a）Oneman'

sterroristisanotherman'

sfreedomfighter.

b）Aloverofpeaceemergedasamagnificentleaderofwar.

c）Mylifeclosedtwicebeforeitsclose.（EmilyDickinson）

（meaningtwotrulyeventfulthingsoccurredinherlifebeforethatlifeceased）

5）Oxymoron:

akindofparadoxorantithesisthatlinkstogethertwosharplycontrastingterms,as"

cheerfulpessimist'

'

thewisestfoolinChristendom"

livingdeaths"

freezingfires"

gloriousdefeat"

6）Epigram:

警句ashort,pithystatementinverseorprose,usuallywithatouchofwit,oftenantithetical对立

a）Conscienceistheinnervoicethatwarnsusthatsomeonemaybelooking.（H.L.Mencken）

b）Necessityisthemotherofinvention.

c）Thechildisfatheroftheman.（Wordsworth）

（theintendedmeaningisthattheactionsofaboyindicatewhatkindofamanheislikelytobecome）

d）Experienceisthenameeveryonegivestohismistakes.

Theremaybesomeoverlappingofanepigramandaparadox.

7）Apostrophe:

呼语theturningawayfromthesubjectandtheaddressingofanabsentpersonorapersonifiedobjectorabstraction.Theshiftisbothemotionalanddignified,thereforemostappropriateinseriousandstatelycontexts.

a）"

YouHeavens,giveme