英文论文引言的写作技巧上课用文档格式.docx
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2)Reviewingpreviousresearchinthisarea…………………
第二层:
Indicatingtheproblemthathasnotbeensolvedbypreviousresearch,raisingarelevantquestion……………………
第三层:
Specifyingthepurposeofyourresearch………………
第四层:
1)Announcingyourmajorfindings……
2)Outliningthecontentsofyourpaper……
比较简短的论文,引言也可以相对比较简短。
第一层:
IntroducingtheimportanceoftheresearchareaandreviewingpreviousResearch…………………
第二层:
Indicatingtheproblemthathasnotbeensolvedbypreviousresearch,raisingarelevantquestion……………
第三层:
Specifyingthepurposeofyourresearch………………………
2如何写引言的开头
引言开头(即第一层)最主要目的是告诉读者论文所涉及的研究领域及其意义是什么,研究要解决什么问题,目前状况或水平如何。
也就是说,开头要回答如下问题:
1、Whatisthesubjectoftheresearch?
2、Whatistheimportanceofthissubject?
3、Howistheresearchgoingatpresent?
4、Inwhatwayisitimportant,interesting,andworthstudying?
5、Whatproblemdoestheresearchsolve?
例Purpleloosestrife(紫千曲菜)isawetlandplantwhichinvadedNorthAmericaintheearly1800s.ItiswellestablishedintheUnitedStatesandCanadawithseriousinfestationsintheGreatLakesandSt.Lawrenceregions.
例Forecastofthetracksofhurricanes(飓风)haveimprovedsteadilyoverthepastthreedecades,owingtoacombinationofbetterobservationsandmuchimprovednumericalmodels.Theseimprovements,alongwithadvancesinwarningsystemsandpreparednessforemergencies,havebroughtaboutasignificantdeclineinlossoflife.
例Environmentalindicators(环境指数)attempttoaccuratelydescribeenvironmentalconditionsandmakeavailablescientificallyvalidinformationonenvironmentaltrends.
例Acousticproblemoccurextensivelyinlongspaces.Forexample,inroadorrailtunnelsnoisepollutionisaseriousproblem,andinundergroundstationspoorspeechintelligibilityofpublicaddresssystemscancausemisunderstandingofvitalinstructionsduringanemergency.
首先,关键词往往出现在第一句话,回答Whatistheresearcharea?
这个问题,迅速将主题告诉读者,避免转弯抹角,影响信息传递。
然后简单介绍该研究领域的意义。
第二,引言开头句子的谓语动词或者是一般现在时态,或者是现在完成时态。
这是因为这些动词所描述的是某研究领域的现状,而不是过去的情况。
引言的开头常用句型有:
句型1:
研究主题+谓语动词be….例
a.Fuelcell(燃料电池)isatechnologyforthecleanandefficientconversionfromchemicalenergyinfossilfuelstoelectricity.
句型2:
研究主题+hasbecome…
a.Semiconductorbasedindustry(基于半导体的工业)hasbecomethelargestindustryfortheUSAandithasinfluencedeveryotherindustryandeveryaspectofhumanlife.
b.Thebatterytechnologyhasbecomeincreasinglypopularinautomotiveindustry.
c.Forestdeclinehasbecomeafavoritetopicforenvironmentalstudies.
句型3:
研究主题+be过去分词(被动语态)
a.Syntheticpolymers(聚合物)arewidelyusedincontactwithbiologicalsystemsinapplicationssuchasmedicine,biotechnology,foodprocessingandnaturalwaterenvironment.
b.Airpollutionhasbeenextensivelystudiedinrecentyears.
c.Thecausesofglaucomahavebeenwidelyinvestigatedrecently.
d.Theimportanceofsafedrivingisnowwellestablished.
句型4:
Recently,therehasbeengrowinginterestin/concernabout+研究主题
a.Recently,therehasbeengrowingconcernaboutwaste-waterbiosolid,theresidualorganicmatterproducedduringwastewatertreatment.
b.Inthe1990stherehasbeengrowinginterestinthedevelopmentofelectricvehiclesinresponsetothepublicdemandforcleanerair.
句型5:
Recentlytherehave/hasbeenextensive/increasing/numerouspublications/literature/reportingon+研究领域
a.Therehavebeennumerouspublicationsoverthelasttenyearsontheneedfornursingeducationtokeeppacewiththeincreaseinknowledgeofbiologicalscience.
b.TherehasbeenincreasingreportingaboutforestdeclineinNorthAmerica.
句型6:
Researchershavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedin+研究领域或:
Researchershaverecentlyfocusedtheirattentionon+研究领域;
Researchersarerecentlypayingmoreattentionto+研究领域
a.Researchershavebecomemoreinterestedinenvironmentalindicators.
b.Researchersarepayingmoreattentiontohighpressureinjection(高压喷射).
3如何写文献综述
文献综述是学术论文的重要组成部分,是作者对他人在某研究领域所做的工作和研究成果的总结与评述,包括他人有代表性的观点或理论、发明发现、解决问题的方法等。
在援引他人的研究成果时,必须标注出处,即这一研究成果由何人在何时何地公开发表。
3.1文献出处的标注
引用文献时,不同的学科或领域可能采用各自约定俗成的体系或格式。
在写论文时,应该了解自己学科采用的固定格式。
目前最常见的体系有两种,一种是作者+出版年体系,另一种是顺序编码体系。
下面对这两种体系分别加以介绍。
第一种体系的主要框架模式如下:
模式1:
作者(年代)十谓语动词主动语态+研究内容/成果
a.Hansonetal.(1976)notedthatoakmortalityanddeclinewereassociatedwithdroughtandinsectsthroughoutamulti-stateregionofthemid-west.
b.McCarthy(1995)documented50%hickorymortality,associatedwithinsects,inatenyearstudyofforestdynamicsintwohardwoodareasinasoutheasternOhioforest.
c.Also,Fay(1991)foundcooperativegroupprojectsintegratedintoscienceclasstobesuccessfulexperiencesforstudents.
模式2:
研究内容/成果+谓语动词被动语态+(作者年代)
a.SuccessatthisScienceDaywasfoundtobelinkedtoparentalsupport(Czemiak1996).
b.ThroughouttheeasternUnitedStates,largescalecompositionalchangeshavebeenobservedinforestsdominatedbyoakandhickory(Christensen1997,Lorimer1984,McCarthyetal.1987,Pallardyetal.1988).
模式3:
Ithasbeen十谓语动词被动语态+by作者(年代)+that从句或:
Ithasbeen+谓语动词被动语态+that从句(作者年代);
研究内容/成果+谓语动词被动语态+by作者(年代)
a.ItwasfoundbyCzemiak(1996)thatsuccessatthisScienceDaywaslinkedtoparentalsupport.或ItwasfoundthatsuccessatthisScienceDaywaslinkedtoparentalsupport(Czemiak1996).
b.TheconditionofeasternhardwoodspeciesandecosystemsoftheUnitedStateshasbeensummarizedbyWeissandRizzo(1987)andMillersetal.(1989).
如果引用的文献有两个以上的作者,只标明第一作者,后面用拉丁文etal表示,意思是“等人”、“其他人”。
如“Hansonetal.”就是如此。
如果在综述中涉及几个项目或文献时,则将这些文献并列标注,必要时用逗号隔开。
如“…Christensen1997,Lorimerl984,McCarthyetal.1987,Pallardyetal.1988)”以及“…WeissandRizzo(1987)andMillersetal.(1989)”。
标注参考文献另一种常见体系是按文献出现的先后顺序编号,置于方括号中,标在指引部分的右上角。
被引用的作者、文献名、出版时间、地点等列入论文后面的参考文献中。
其顺序要与正文中标注的顺序一致。
例Forecastsofthetracksofhurricaneshaveimprovedsteadilyoverthepastthreedecades[1],owingtoacombinationofbetterobservationsandmuch-improvednumericalmodels.Incontrasttotheimprovementsintrackforecasts,therehasbeencomparativelylittleadvanceinpredictionsofintensity[1],inspiteofthesophisticatednumericalmodels.Thebestintensityforecaststodayarestatisticallybased[2].Mostoftheresearchliteratureonhurricaneintensityfocusesonthepre-stormseasurfacetemperatureandcertainpropertiesoftheatmosphericenvironment[3]Butitiswellknownthathurricanesalterthesurfacetemperatureoftheoceanoverwhichtheypass[4]andthatamere2.5Kdecreaseinoceansurfacetemperaturenearthecoreofthestormwouldbeenoughtoshutdownenergyproductionentirely[51.Simulationswithcoupledatmosphere-oceanmodels[5-7]confirmthatinteractionwiththeoceanisastrongnegativefeedbackonstormintensity…
文中标注的编号代表参考文献出现的顺序。
"
[l]"
在文中出现两次,代表这两处所陈述的内容或观点出自同一篇文献,即正文后面参考文献中的第1条。
“[5—7]”代表此处陈述的内容或观点涉及到三篇文献,即参考文献中第5—7条。
行文中的编号也可以不放在方括号里。
如:
例Thesoundattenuationalongthelength,asignificantindexinlongspaces,hasbeenintensivelystudied.Basedonvariousassumptionsandusingvariousmethods,anumberofformulaehavebeengiven1-5.Anotherimportantindex,reverberationtime,hasbeenseentobedifferentfromthatofthediffusefield6.
3.2文献综述中的动词运用技巧
(1)两类动词
我们可以发现,文献综述中常用state,note,observe,discuss,establish,find,present等动词。
这些动词有两种特性,一种是描述性动词,客观地向读者介绍他人的工作;
另一种是评价性动词,在一定程度上代表了作者对他人的工作的理解、解释或态度。
文献综述中常用的描述性动词有:
describe,discuss,explain,examine,present,state等。
常见的评价性动词有:
affirm,allege,argue,assume,claim,imply,maintain,presume,reveal,suggest等。
(2)动词时态
文献综述中最常见的时态是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时三种时态。
使用不同的动词时态会给句子的意义带来变化,基本原则如下:
原则1:
当作者引用某人过去某个时间所做过的某一项具体的研究时,用一般过去时。
例
a.Hansonetal.(1976)notedthatoakmortalityanddeclinewereassociatedwithdroughtandinsectsthroughoutamulti-stateregionofthemid-west.…McCarthy(1995)documented50%hickorymortality,associatedwithinsects,inatenyearstudyofforestdynamicsintwohardwoodareasinasoutheasternOhioforest.
b.ItwasfoundbyCzerniak(1996)thatsuccessatthisScienceDaywaslinkedtoparentalsupport.或ItwasfoundthatsuccessatthisScienceDaywaslinkedtoparentalsupport(Czemiak1996)...
原则2:
在概括或总结某一研究领域里所做过的一些研究时,用现在完成时,如:
a.TheconditionofeasternhardwoodspeciesandecosystemsoftheUnitedStateshasbeensummarizedbyWeissandRizzo(1987)andMillersetal.(1989).…Sincethen,numerousstudieshavebeencompletedandmanyregionshaveestablishedlong-termforestsurveystobettermonitorchangesoccurringintheeasternforest(Loucks1992).
b.Thesoundattenuationalongthelength,asignificantindexinlongspaces,hasbeenintensivelystudied.Basedonvariousassumptionsandusingvariousmethods,anumberofformulaehavebeengiven[1-5].Anotherimportantindex,reverberationtime,hasbeenseentobedifferentfromthatofthediffusefield[6].
原则3:
在谈及目前的知识水平、技术水平或存在的问题时,用一般现在时态。
Acousticproblemsoccurextensivelyinlongspaces.Forexample,inroadorrailtunnelsnoisepollutionisaseriousproblem,andinundergroundstationspoorspeechintelligibilityofpublicaddresssystemscancauselossofimportanttravelinformationandmisunderstandingofvitalinstructionsduringanemergency.Anoutstandingfeatureoflongspacesisthatclassicalroomacoustictheoryisnotapplicablesincetheassumptionofadiffusefielddoesnotholdwiththeextremedimensioncondition.Consequently,worksrequiredforanunderstandingofthebehaviorofsoundinlongspacesandf