History and Anthology of English Literature文档格式.docx

History and Anthology of English Literature文档格式.docx

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•EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature

-----themakingofEngland

•The15thcenturyto16thcenturyEnglishliterature

-----EnglishRenaissance

•The17thcenturyEnglishliterature

------RevolutionandRestorationperiod

•The18thcenturyEnglishliterature

------EnglishEnlightenmentMovement

•EnglishRomanticism

------from1798to1832

•TheVictorianAge

------theEnglishCriticalRealism

•Midandlate19thcenturyEnglishliterature

•The20thcenturyEnglishliterature

PartIAnglo-SaxonPeriod

•HistoricalBackground：

Earlyinhabitantsof“England”werecalledBritons.

（Britain=thelandofBritons）

•Timemark:

In55B.C.RomanConquestbyJuliusCaesar

In78A.D.BritainwascompletelyconqueredbyRomans

–In410A.D.thefalloftheRomanEmpireandtheruleended.

------RomanConquestlastedformorethan400years.

–Afterwards,threetribesfromNorthernEuropecameinthisland

-------theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes

–Thesethreelaterformedawholecountry,calledEngland,thelandofAnglesandthelanguagespokenbythemwasOldEnglish.

InfluenceofRomanConquest

•RomancivilizationwasbroughttoEngland

•Anetworkofhighways

•ChristianitywasintroducedtoEngland

Monasterieswerebuiltandthemonksbecametheonlyeducatedpeople

Literatureinthisperiod

•Thereweretwodivisions:

paganandChristian

1）pagan:

oralstoriesgleeman

2）Christian:

inwrittenformandwastaughtandtransmittedbymonks

Note:

pagan

•Paganbeliefsandactivitiesdonotbelongtoanyofthemainreligionsoftheworldandtakenatureandabeliefinmanygodsasabasis.Theyareolder,orarebelievedtobeolder,thanotherreligions.

•Informertimes,paganswerepeoplewhodidnotbelieveinChristianityandwhommanyChristiansconsideredtobeinferiorpeople.

•异教徒（信奉非主流宗教者）;

教外人（旧时的基督徒用以指非基督徒）

TheSongofBeowulf

Structuredbyfights

•Firstfight:

withGrendel

•BeowulfbeginswiththestoryofKingHrothgar,whobuiltthegreathallHeorotforhispeople.Inithe,hiswifeWealhþ

eowandhiswarriorsspendtheirtimesingingandcelebrating,untilGrendel,anoutcastfromsocietywhoisangeredbythesinging,attacksthehallandkillsanddevoursmanyofHrothgar'

swarriorswhiletheysleep.ButGrendeldaresnottotouchthethroneofHrothgar,becauseheisdescribedasprotectedbyapowerfulgod.Hrothgarandhispeople,helplessagainstGrendel'

sattacks,abandonHeorot.

Secondfight:

Grendel'

smother

•Thenextnight,aftercelebratingGrendel'

sdeath,HrothgarandhismensleepinHeorot.Grendel'

smotherappearsandattacksthehall.ShekillsHrothgar'

smost-trustedwarrior,Æ

schere,inrevengeforGrendel'

sdeath.

•Hrothgar,Beowulf,andtheirmentrackdownGrendel‘smothertoherlair（巢穴）underalake.Beowulfprepareshimselfforbattle;

heispresentedwithasword,Hrunting,byawarriorcalledUnferth.AfterstipulatinganumberofconditionstoHrothgarincaseofhisdeath,Beowulfdivesintothelake.HeisswiftlydetectedandattackedbyGrendel'

smother.However,sheisunabletoharmBeowulfthroughhisarmoranddragshimtothebottomofthelake.InacaverncontainingGrendel'

sbodyandtheremainsofmenthatthetwohavekilled,Grendel'

smotherandBeowulfengageinfiercecombat.

Thirdfight:

Thedragon

•Beowulfreturnshomeandeventuallybecomeskingofhisownpeople.Oneday,lateinBeowulf'

slife,aslavestealsagoldencupfromthelairofanunnameddragonatEarnaness.Whenthedragonseesthatthecuphasbeenstolen,itleavesitscaveinarage,burningeverythinginsight.Beowulfandhiswarriorscometofightthedragon,butonlyoneofthewarriors,abraveyoungmannamedWiglaf,staystohelpBeowulf.BeowulfkillsthedragonwithWiglaf'

shelp,butdiesfromthewoundshehasreceived.

•Afterheiscremated（火葬）,BeowulfisburiedinGeatlandonacliffoverlookingthesea,wheresailorsareabletoseehistumulus（坟墓）.Thedragon‘streasureisburiedwithhim,inaccordancewithBeowulf’swishes,ratherthandistributedtohispeople.Thereisacurseassociatedwiththehoard（宝藏）anditisalsoaGermanicandScandinavianburialpractice.

Significance:

•1）itistheonlycompletesurvivingpoetry.

•2）itisanEnglishnationalepic

Term:

Epic—alongversenarrativeonaserioussubject.Itistoldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicfigureonwhoseactivitiesdependsthefateofatribe,anationorthewholehumanrace.

Furtheranalysis

•Narrative—ittellsastoryofsomebody,realorlegendary

•Verse—itsmeter:

Alliterativeverse

（Alliteration）

Alliteration

•Definition:

Theoccurrenceofthesameletterorsoundatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsinsuccession

Alliteration—Example

•Examplesofalliterationincludewell-knowntongue-twisterssuchas"

Roundtheruggedrocktheraggedrascalran"

and"

PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers."

ArtisticfeaturesofSongofBeowulf

•Theuseofalliteration

•Theuseofmetaphorsandofunderstatements

e.g.swan-road/whale-path=sea;

battle-hero/spear-fighter=solider

nottroublesome=welcome

neednotpraiseforarighttocondem

MajorThemesofTheSongofBeowulf

⏹Goodnessconquersevil

⏹Menagainstnature

（Thematicallythepoemrepresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstruggleagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader）

3.Judgethegreatnessofahumanbeingbythegreatnessofhisdeedsandhisnobleancestry

4.Helpthyneighbor

5.Forcesofdarknessarealwaysatworkintheworld.

PartII.

Anglo-NormanPeriod（1066—1350）

HistoricalBackground

•Theyear1066------thebattleofHastings（14October1066）

Consequenceofthebattle

NormanconquestbyWilliamDukeofNormandy

•DukeWilliam

（collectedlandfromSaxons）

•Normans

•（subdividedtheland）

•Knights

Conclusion

•Politically,Englandenteredintothefeudalsociety

Addition

•AstrongcentralizedgovernmentappearedinsteadofthelooseunionofSaxontribes

------>

thegrowthofnationality

•Religiously,theRome-backedCatholicChurchhadastrongercontroloverthecountry.

（furtherinputoftheRomancivilizationtoEngland）

Newlanguageandliterature

•Inlanguage,threelanguagesco-existed

French—thelanguageusedbytherulingclass

Latin—languageofchurchofficialsandinuniversity

OldEnglish—languagespokenbycommonpeople

Examples

•一般的日常用语，如beast，country，cup，fruit，lamp，letter，oil，rose，table，war，service，prison，castle，market之外，还可以遇到一些宗教用语abbot，clerk，hermit，pilgrim，prior，miracle，religion，sermon，一些文化方面的词语justice，peace，rich，poor，还有一些关于文明生活及服装的词，如fashion，dress，habit，button，fur，robe，collar，chemise等等。

此外还有copy（拷贝）、colognespirit（科隆香水）、cent（分币）、modern（摩登）、disco（迪斯科）、model（模特）、mushroom（蘑菇）

Inliterature,itunderwenttwostages:

•From1600toMid14thcentury,abarrenperiodinliterarycreation

•The2ndhalfof14thcentury,Englishliteraturestartedtoflourish

（representative—GeoffreyChaucer）

CharacteristicsoftheMedievalliterature

•Itdealswithawiderangeofsubjects.

•Itisexpressedinavarietyofstyles,tonesandgenres.

•Popularfolkliteratureoccupiesanimportantplaceinthisperiod.

Literatureinstudy

•GeoffreyHistory

•TheworksofFrenchwritersbecausetheymadetheArthurianlegendspopular

•Rimingchronicles

•MetricalRomances

Romance（传奇）

•Nature:

Itisakindofgenre,namedagainaschivalricromance.

Itisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.Itusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.

Origins

•Thegenreofromancedealtwithtraditionalthemes.Overwhelmingly,thesewerelinkedinsomeway,perhapsonlyinanopeningframestory,withthreethematiccyclesoftales:

thesewereassembledinimaginationatalatedateasthe"

MatterofRome"

（actuallycenteredonthelifeanddeedsofAlexandertheGreat）,the"

MatterofFrance"

（CharlemagneandRoland）andthe"

MatterofBritain"

（thelivesanddeedsofKingArthurandtheKnightsoftheRoundTable,withinwhichwasincorporatedthequestfortheHolyGrail）;

FeaturesandcharacteristicsofRomance

•Thecharacter:

theknights,whoworshipedchivalry

•Itrepresentsacourtlyandchivalricage—morecivilized

•Theplot:

a.aknight’squestforabeautifullady’sheart—courtlylove

b.aknightfightswithdragonandmonsters

•Thetheme:

loyaltytolordandking;

acelebrationofcourage,loyalty,honorandlove.

•Thestructure:

looseandepisodic

•Thelanguage:

simpleandstraightforward

•Thereisoftenaliberaluseoftheimprobable,sometimessupernaturalthings,e.g.mysteriesandfantasies.

TheAgeofChaucer

•SocialBackground--atransitionalperiod

•theawakeningofnationalconsciousnessinEngland

GeoffreyChaucer（1340?

-1400）

Focus

•IntroductionofGeoffreyChaucer

•IntroductionofTheCanterburyTales

•Analysisofthiswork

•ContributionofChaucer

Evaluation

•TheFatherofEnglishPoetry

•OneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland

•translatedtheBibleintostandardEnglish（toreformthechurch）

life

•Borninarichfamily

•HewasoncesenttoItalytofulfillthediplomaticmission