英语写作讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx

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1.3示范段落分析

这是一个典型的段落,可概括提纲如下:

主题句:

Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabit,becauseitcauseshealthproblems.

推展句:

1.Doctorssayitcanbeadireccauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.

2.Itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.

结论句:

Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety.

从以上提纲可见,主题句提出了一个问题:

Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause?

随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题,结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。

Exercise1-1

Directions:

Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence,thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence,ifthereisone.

(1)

Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.Aboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction,,andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreased.Withmammals,forinstance,therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear;

fromA.D.1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecieseveryfiftyyears.Everywhere,menaretryingosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation.

TopicSentence:

____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Details:

1.________________________________________________

2._______________________________________________________

ConcludingSentence:

________________________________________

(2)

TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.Forexample,inbothAmericaandEngland,peopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime.Also,mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman,andsowillmostAmericans.PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis,ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock,thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhisdelay.

1.______________________________________________

3.________________________________________________________

(3)

Birdsusemanydifferentmaterialstobuildnests.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.Thetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.

_____________________________________________

1._____________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________

_______________________________________

第二单元主题句简介

2.1主题句

作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么,这就是每段的主题句的作用。

因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想,所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。

2.2主题句的形式

主题句通常有以下三种形式:

1)肯定句(AffirmativeSentence)

Example:

Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.

2)反诘句(RhetoricalSentence)

Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection?

3)不完整句(Fragments)

Andtheworkingman?

初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。

2.3主题句的位置

主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况:

1)段首(Atthebeginning)

主题句经常居于段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。

这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。

2)段末(Attheend)

用推理方法展开段落时,主题句往往位于句末。

3)段中(Inthemiddle)

有时为了使段落多样化,主题句也可以居于段中。

4)隐含(Implied)

有时候,尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时,当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。

Exercise2-1

Readthefollowingparagraphsandidentifythetopicsentence.Ifitisimplied,summarizeityourself.

Butnomatterwhatitiscalled,allpolyesterhascertaingoodpoints.Itdoesnotwrinkleeasily.Itdriesquicklyafteritiswashed.Itholdsitsshape.Itisstrongandkeepsitscolorswell.

Position:

________________

Blackisthecolourofmourning.Redsymbolizesdanger,violence,orbloodshed.Ifyouareafraid,youareyellow.NoneofthesesayingsistrueoutsidetheEnglishspeakingworld.InChinaandKorea,whiteisthecolorofmourning.InRussiaredstandsforbeautyandlife.InItalyandGermanyyouareyellowwithanger,notwithfear.

__________________

Ourchiefsourceoffreshwaterisrainfallthatcollectsinlakes,rivers,andreservoirs.Recently,however,wehavediscoveredanewsource,aquifers,whicharerockformationscontainingwater.Evenunderdeserts,vastaquifersmaybewaitingtobetapped.CompaniesdrillingforoilintheMiddleEasthavesometimesstruckaquifers,whichprovideunexpectedwatersuppliesforaridregions.

_____________

(4)

Supposeyou’replayingagame.Youmakeasillymistakeandlose.Doyoubecomeangry?

Orcanyoulaughatyourselfandhopetodobetternexttime?

Supposeyouareataspecialdinner.Youaccidentallyspillsomefood.Whykeepworryingabouthowclumsyyoulook?

Whynotlaughitoffandenjoyyourselfanyway?

Ifyoucan,it’sgoodsignyou'

vereallygrownup.

____________

(5)

Youngmensometimesbringedelweissbackfortheirgirlfriends.Thegirlsthinkoftheflowersasaproofoftruelove.Mountainclimbers,guides,andhunterspickedelweisstoo.Theywearitontheirhats.Tothemitisasignofcourageanddaring.

第三单元如何写好主题句

3.1关于写主题句的建议

1)要写合乎语法的句子

Example1:

TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.

这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句。

Example2:

ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar.

重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。

2)要使用限写词限定主题

为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这一观点。

Example3:

Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons.

从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“airtravel”(topic),他将要把“train”(aspect)和“airtravel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons”。

由此可见,作者在“aspect”(方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。

3)要注意主题的可写性

所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。

Example4:

InHemingway'

sstory“Soldier’sHome”,KrebstellshismotherthathewantsnopartofGod'

sKingdom.

这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。

Example5:

sstory“Soldier’sHome”,Krebisalonely,cynicalveteran.

这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonely,cynical”展开段落。

Example6:

Letmetellyousomethingaboutoverpopulation.

这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。

Example7:

Whyhastheworldpopulationbeenincreasingsorapidlyinthelastdecades?

这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“thereasonsforoverpopulationinthelastdecades”,从“原因”(cause)和“时间”(time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。

Exercise3-1

Identifytheareaswhichlimitthetopicsentences.

3.1.1SoccerhasbecomeincreasinglypopularintheU.S.inthelasttenyears.

Topic:

Limitations:

________________________________________________

3.1.2Pollutionhascausedthreemajorproblemsinthelastdecades.

______________

3.1.3Therearetwokindsofmemory:

short-termandlong-term.

3.1.4Womenareplayinganincreasinglyimportantpartinsocietytoday.

3.1.5Womenarepaidlessforequalworkthanmeninsomecompanies.

Exercise3-2

Writetwotopicsentencesforeachofthetopics,limitingthetopicindifferentways.

3.2.1Topic:

thestudyofEnglish

TopicSentence1:

__________________________________________

TopicSentence2:

___________________________________________

3.2.2Topic:

collegestudentstoday

3.2.3Topic:

womeninChina

3.2.4Topic:

crime

Exercise3-3

Readthefollowingparagraphsandsupplythemissingtopicsente

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