46级阅读理解真题Word下载.docx
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Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn’tthinkthat’sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.
Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.
Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.
Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey’veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo(禁忌).
Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.
Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps(嘟嘟声),andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren’tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.
Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.
46.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobots?
A)Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers.
B)Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.
C)Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage.
D)Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.
47.Whatwouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthor?
A)Theyareaggressive.
B)Theyareoutgoing.
C)Theyareignorant.
D)Theyareill-bred.
48.Howdorobotslearnhumanvalues?
A)Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.
B)Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.
arealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:
thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.
Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.
Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.
Unfortunately,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmother’spersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe’readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.
Personalityisn’tdestiny(命运),andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn’tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.
51.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietyis____.
A)toseewhetherpeople’spersonalityaffectstheirlifespan
B)tofindoutifone’slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealth
C)toinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglife
D)toexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevity
52.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeople?
A)Theyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.
B)Theyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreement.
C)Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful.
D)Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship.
53.Whatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectation?
A)Easy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife.
B)Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes.
C)Suchpersonalitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.
D)Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.
54.WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshow?
A)Children’spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers.
B)Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner.
C)Mothers’influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers’.
D)Mothers’negativepersonalitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren’slifespans.
55.Whatcanwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewstudies?
A)Anxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortone’slifespan.
B)Longevityresultsfromacombinationofmentalandphysicalhealth.
C)Personalityplaysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneis.
D)Healthisinlargepartrelatedtoone’slifestyle.
2016年6级阅读理:
PassageOne
Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedforyears.Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends”,apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston’swithafewtapsontheirremotecontrol.“It’sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,”saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsultancy.
SothenewsthatCablevision,andAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue.Cablevisionhopestoallowcustomerstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear.
Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost.Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear.Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped.SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasurementslikeclick-throughrates—especiallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight.Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,“manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,”saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes.
Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdonot.UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant(除臭剂),whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage.
Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmall.Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear.Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeopleonceexpectedittogenerate.ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear.BrightLineiTV,Whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:
itexpectsitsrevenuesalmosttotriplethisyear.BSkyB,Britain’sbiggestsatellite-televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads.
Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingtelevision,a“leanback”medium,craveinteraction.Click-throughrateshavebeenhighsofar(around3-4%,comparedwithlessthan0.3%online),butthatmaybearesultofthenovelty.Interactiveadsandviewersmightnotgowelltogether.
46.WhatdoesColinDixonmeanbysaying“It’sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears”(Lines4-5,Para.1)?
A)Interactivetelevisionadvertisingwillbecomepopularin10-12years.
B)Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasbeenunderdebateforthelastdecadeorso.
C)Interactivetelevisionadvertisingissuccessfulwhenincorporatedintosituationcomedies.
D)Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasnotachievedtheanticipatedresults.
47.Whatisthepublic’sresponsetoCablevision’splannedinteractiveTVadvertisingprogram?
A)Prettypositive.
B)Totallyindifferent.
C)Somewhatdoubtful.
D)Rathercritical.
48.WhatistheimpactofthewideuseofdigitalvideorecordersonTVadvertising?
A)IthasmadeTVadvertisingeasilyaccessibletoviewers.
B)Ithelpsadvertiserstomeasuretheclick-throughrates.
C)IthasplacedTVadvertisingatagreatdisadvantage.
D)Itenablesviewerstocheckthesalesitemswithease.
49.WhatdowelearnaboutUnilever’sinteractivecampaign?
A)Itprovestheadvan