语言学Chapter4课后练习答案Word下载.docx

语言学Chapter4课后练习答案Word下载.docx

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scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.Themostreliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.

4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?

Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.

Ithasfourimportantproperties:

1）thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.

2）acategoryatanylevelaheadoranentireXPcanbecoordinated.

3）coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.

4）thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.

5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?

Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:

head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.

Theroleeachelementcanplay:

Head:

Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.

Specifier:

Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.

Complement:

Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.

Modifier:

Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.

6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?

Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'

ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure（orD-structure）.Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure（orS-structure）.

7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.

a）Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.

DetANVPDetNAdv

b）Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.

DetNAdvVPDetN

c）Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.

DetANAuxVDetNPDetN

d）Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.

DetNVDegA

8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.

a）richinminerals

AP

APP

richinminerals

b）oftenreaddetectivestories

VP

QualVNP

oftenreaddetectivestories

c）theargumentagainsttheproposals

NP

DetNPP

theargumentagainsttheproposals

d）alreadyabovethewindow

PP

DegPNP

alreadyabovethewindow

9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentences,firstidentifythemodifier（s）,thendrawthetreesentences.

a）Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.

Modifiers:

crippled（AdjP）,withextremecaution（PP）

S

NPInflVP

DetANPstVNP

PNP

APN

A

Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution

b）Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.

huge（AdjP）,intheblacksky（PP）

DetAPNPstVPP

APNP

DetAPN

Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky

c）Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.

carefully（AdvP）,yesterday（AdvP）

DetNPstVNPAdvP

DetNAdvPAdv

Adv

Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday

d）Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.

wooden（AdjP）,inthestorm（PP）

DetAPNPPPstVPP

APNPPNP

DetNDetN

Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm

10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.

a）Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.

NVNP

DetAPNConN

A

Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants

b）Helenputonherclothesandwentout.

NPstVPPConVPP

PNPP

DetN

Helenputonherclothesandwentout

c）Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.

NPreVAPConAP

APPAPP

PNPPNP

NN

Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics

11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.

a）YouknowthatIhatewar.

NPInflVP

NPreVNP

CP

CS

NPNPreVNP

N

YouknowthatIhatewar

b）GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.

DetNCP-

NPNPstVNP

GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam

c）ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.

NPInflVP

NPstVAP

ACP

NPNPInflVP

DetNPstVNP

NDetN

ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce

d）Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.

DetNPstVPP

PCP

NPluVNP

Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings

12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureforeachofthesesentences.

a）Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.

DeepStructure:

DetNCPPstVAP

CSAuxA

NPstVNP

Theessayhewrotethatwasexcellent

SurfaceStructure:

NNPstVNP

Theessaythathewroteewasexcellent

b）Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved.

DeepStructure:

DetNCP

Herbertboughtahouseshelovedthat

Herbertboughtahousethatshelovede

c）Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.

CS

DetNCPPreVPP

CSPNP

NPInflVPN

NPreVNP

Thegirlheadoreswhommajorsinlinguistics

NPCSPNP

NNPreVNP

Thegirlwhomheadoresemajorsinlinguistics

13.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence.

a）Wouldyoucometomorrow?

NAuxVAdvP

Youwouldcometomorrow

InflNPInflVP

AuxNAuxVAdvP

WouldYouecometomorrow

b）WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?

CP

NPP

PDetNP

Helendidbringwhattotheparty

NPInflNPInflVP

NPstNPstVNP

WhatdidHelenebringetotheparty

c）Whobrokethewindow?

Whobrokethewindow

Whoebrokethewindow